Degradation of diclofenac by electron beam irradiaton: Toxicitiy removal, by-products identification and effect of another pharmaceutical compound

Author(s)

Tominaga, Flavio Kiyoshi ; dos Santos Batista, Ana Paula ; Silva Costa Teixeira, Antonio Carlos ; Borrely, Sueli Ivone

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING; v. 6, n. 4, p. 7-pg., 2018-08-01.

Abstract

Water contamination by the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is a consequence of its incomplete removal in wastewater and sewage treatment plants, which is potentialized by interactions with other pharmaceutical contaminants. In this context, electron beam irradiation (EBI) has been considered a clean technology for degrading pharmaceutical compounds in water. Nevertheless, the identification of DCF by-products and their correlation with biological recalcitrance and acute toxicity are poorly understood. In this study, the V. fischeri test was used to characterize DCF toxicity in the absence and presence of fluoxetine (FLX), prior and after irradiation. The results showed complete DCF degradation at low dose (5 kGy). DCF concentration followed pseudo first-order decay with respect to the absorbed, with k(0) = (1.33 +/- 0.10) kGy(-1) (DCF) and k(0) = (0.90 +/- 0.12) kGy(-1) (DCF + FLX). In contrast, negligible TOC removal was observed even at 7.5 kGy, with the formation of recalcitrant, non-biodegradable by-products, as also suggested by the respirometry test. Despite that, the toxicity of the DCF solution diminished from (19.6 +/- 1.6) TU to (6.2 +/- 2.3) TU, and from (6.8 +/- 0.9) TU to (3.1 +/- 0.2) TU, in the absence and presence of FLX, respectively, after irradiation up to 5 kGy. Four of the eleven by-products identified by direct-injection MS were easily degraded by EBI, and one (C13H14ClNO5) was considered the least recalcitrant but the most toxic. Based on these results, a possible DCF degradation pathway is proposed, involving hydroxylation and oxidation of aromatic rings, dehalogenation and C - N bond cleavage. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 13/50218-2 - CEPEMA - Cooperative Center of Environmental Engineering
• Grantee: Claudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 14/17996-4 - Granted EMU Proc 2013/50218-2: HPLS high performance liquid Chromatographer
• Grantee: Claudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento
• Support Opportunities: Multi-user Equipment Program