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| Author(s): |
Alessandro Alves Pereira
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2015-08-27 |
| Examining board members: |
Maria Imaculada Zucchi;
Charles Roland Clement;
Evandro Marsola de Moraes;
Elizabeth Ann Veasey;
Roland Vencovsky
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| Advisor: | Maria Imaculada Zucchi |
| Abstract | |
Manioc, or cassava, was domesticated in southwestern Amazonia, and is currently the most important staple crop in the world that originated there. After its initial domestication divergent selective pressures gave rise to the groups of sweet and bitter varieties. The current distribution of these groups is somewhat different across Amazonia, which may be due to distinct dispersal patterns of sweet and bitter varieties during the crop\'s domestication history. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genetic diversity and structure, genomics, and phylogeography of manioc cultivated by traditional farmers along the major rivers of Brazilian Amazonia. Phylogenetic analyses among matrilineages were performed based on the polymorphism of four chloroplastidial microsatellite markers (cpSSR). The evaluation of genetic diversity and structure were performed with 14 nuclear microsatellite markers (ncSSR), and a genomics approach was performed based on 5,871 single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs). Considerable differentiation [FST = 0.78 (cpSSR), 0.28 (ncSSR), and 0.37 (SNPs)] was observed between cultivated varieties and Manihot esculenta ssp. flabellifolia, manioc\'s wild relative. No associations of cpSSR haplotypes with the groups of sweet and bitter varieties, nor with rivers were detected. Despite the lack of phylogeographic patterns, the analyses of genetic structure and relationships suggested that sweet and bitter varieties are equally related to wild populations. The second most important pattern of genetic structuring was observed between sweet and bitter varieties [FST = 0.08 (ncSSR) and 0.10 (SNPs)], although there was considerable overlap between groups. These results, combined with the high levels of genetic variability observed within sweet and bitter varieties, are due to the traditional management practices of smallholder farmers across Amazonia. The lack of phylogeographical patterns among rivers and regions were also observed with ncSSR and SNP markers. However, when the genetic and genomic structures were separately evaluated within sweet and bitter varieties, some contrasting patterns and tendencies of genetic structuring among the rivers was observed. The absence of clear patterns of genetic and genomic structure among different rivers did not permit inferences on probable routes of dispersal of the crop from its center of origin in southwestern Amazonia. Nevertheless, the contrasting patterns of genetic and genomic differentiation within sweet and bitter varieties may be associated with distinct dispersal histories for these groups of manioc varieties. Among the genomic loci, 658 SNPs are possibly under positive selection when considering the divergence between cultivated varieties of manioc and the wild relative. Of these, 202 SNPs may be specifically associated with divergent selection between sweet and bitter varieties. These loci may be located in genes important for initial domestication and selection for important characteristics of the crop, and may be a starting point for better comprehension of the genomic bases of manioc domestication and diversification. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 13/11137-7 - Genetic diversity, genomics and phylogeography of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz): implications for the dispersion of the crop along the main fluvial axes in Brazilian Amazon basin |
| Grantee: | Alessandro Alves Pereira |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate |