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| Author(s): |
Dayane Cristina Gomes Okiyama
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Pirassununga. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Zootecnica e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZE/BT) |
| Defense date: | 2018-09-28 |
| Examining board members: |
Christianne Elisabete da Costa Rodrigues;
Rosemary Aparecida de Carvalho;
Priscila Efraim;
Julian Martínez;
Alessandra Lopes de Oliveira
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| Advisor: | Christianne Elisabete da Costa Rodrigues |
| Abstract | |
The main objective of this Ph.D. thesis was the valorization of the cocoa bean shell through the study of the technical feasibility of the use of atmospheric pressure extraction (ATME) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technologies for the extraction of fat and biocompounds of this material, using ethanol and isopropanol as solvents, which are GRAS solvents with potential application as substitutes for hexane in lipid extraction. In order for its viability in the application of extraction processes to be attested, initially, the dried cocoa bean shell (CS) was characterized. CS showed to be a nutritionally interesting material, with an intermediate content of lipids (between 18 to 22% d.b.), high fiber content, flavanols and alkaloids and high protein solubility (47-54%), besides not being contaminated by mycotoxins and cadmium. Its fat was remarkable for having a lipid profile similar to that of cocoa butter with a higher content of linoleic acid and quite high total tocopherols, which ranged from 1016 to 1273 mg / kg of fat, with the major isomers being (γ + β) tocopherols. Thus the PLE extraction kinetics of lipids and total flavanols (FLA) for systems containing CS and absolute ethanol (Et0) were studied at 60, 75 and 90 ° C in static times ranging from 3 to 50 minutes and mass ratio solid:solvent of 1: 3. From these experiments, 30 minutes were determined as the adequate time for the equilibrium condition to be reached for the three temperatures evaluated; from this time interval the lipid extraction is stabilized and the extraction yield of FLA is maximal. The raffinate phases, extract phases and fats from PLE were evaluated leading to the conclusion that this technique was extremely viable for extracting lipids, flavanols, alkaloids and tocopherols, providing very high extraction yields in a short period of time with a single stage of contact. Experimental data of PLE kinetics were modeled and the diffusion coefficients for fat were estimated. In addition, PLE did not affect the solubility of the proteins present in the material from extractions conducted at 60 and 75 °C, which allows obtaining a high value defatted meal. The investigation of the extraction process by ATME started with systems containing CS and solvents ethanol and isopropanol, in absolute and azeotrope degree, at 60, 75 and 90 ° C with mass ratio solid:solvent of 1:3 and time of extraction time of 1 hour. Under these conditions, the extraction experiments gave results of fat extraction yields less than expected. Despite this, it was possible to evaluate the effect of process parameters, temperature and type of solvent on the extraction process; it can be concluded that higher temperatures lead to higher extraction yields of all classes of compounds evaluated. For lipids, in general, the absolute isopropanol was the most efficient solvent, however, in the extraction of phenolic compounds, FLA and tocopherols the ethanol azeotropic showed better performance. For a more in-depth investigation, the kinetics of lipid extraction by ATME with ethanol in absolute and azeotropic degree at 75 and 90 °C were carried out. With these experiments it can be observed that, in order to guarantee that the equilibrium condition was reached, extraction time of at least 3 hours was required for the solvents evaluated, with this time of extraction the yields increased considerably, as well as the content of flavanols totals in extracts; on the other hand, the protein solubility of the raffinate phase decreased considerably. Experimental kinetic data by ATME were modeled and the diffusion coefficients for fat were also estimated, being approximately 5 times smaller than those estimated for PLE. Based on the determination of the time required to reach the equilibrium condition, the experiments were carried out to determine the partition coefficients (k) of the cocoa bean shell fat, which allows estimating the number of extraction stages to maximum depletion in terms of lipid content. These experiments showed that the solvent Et0 at higher temperatures provides larger partition coefficients. The higher kfat values obtained for Et0, when compared to ethanol solvent in azeotropic grade, indicate that their use in extraction processes would require a lower number of contact stages for the depletion of the solid. Analyzing the extraction processes applyed, it can be concluded that PLE has superior efficiency in the simultaneous extraction of flavanols and lipid compounds from the cocoa bean shell in relation to ATME, and has less impact on the protein solubility of the defatted meal, a fact that demonstrates its high technical feasibility. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 15/03579-5 - Reuse of cocoa shell for fat extraction with alcoholic solvents |
| Grantee: | Dayane Cristina Gomes Okiyama |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate |