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| Author(s): |
Vanilda Aparecida Soares de Arruda
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 2013-10-10 |
| Examining board members: |
Ligia Bicudo de Almeida Muradian;
Severino Matias de Alencar;
Suzana Caetano da Silva Lannes;
Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
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| Advisor: | Ligia Bicudo de Almeida Muradian |
| Abstract | |
Bee pollen, a product of agglutination of flower pollen with nectar and bee salivary substances, has been promoted as a dietary supplement for human because of its nutritional and bioactive properties. Sixty-two samples of dehydrated bee pollen were analyzed for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity using three methods (DPPH, βcarotene and ORAC), botanical composition, commercial quality (moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates), hygiene (aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulfite-reducing Clostridium), and antimicrobial activity (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). The obtained values for total phenolics ranged from 12.60 to 84.22 mg GAE/g bee pollen (GAE: gallic acid equivalents) while for total flavonoids ranged from 1.90 and 36.85 mg quercetin/g bee pollen. The EC50, determined by the DPPH method, ranged from 0.35 to 13.42 mg bee pollen/ml of extract. The bee pollen extracts showed values between 52.58 and 98.37% by β- carotene method. When measured by ORAC, antioxidant activity was between 132.98 and 575.85 µmols eq. trolox/g bee pollen. In the evaluation of commercial quality, the following results were achieved: 3.06% to 8.12% for moisture, 1.94 to 4.61% for ashes, 3.35 to 10.96% for lipids, 17.73 to 34.73% for proteins, from 11.86 to 25.71% and 2.77 to 15.87% for the carbohydrates glucose and fructose respectively. It was verified that the presence of the bee pollen inhibited the growth of all microorganisms studied. Candida albicans was the more resistant and Staphylococcus epidermides the more sensitive. Thirty-three pollen-types were identified mainly Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.) sp., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae sp., Poaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp. and Brassica sp. that occurred more frequently among the samples studied. It was observed only moderate and weak correlations between the pollen types present and the evaluated parameters for dehydrated samples of bee pollen (AU) | |