Pathogenesis of systemic hemostatic disturbances in Bothrops jararaca snake envenomation

Author(s)

Karine Miki Yamashita

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD)
• Defense date: 2013-03-28

Examining board members

Marcelo Larami Santoro; Fernanda Faria; Paula Ribeiro Villaça

• Advisor: Marcelo Larami Santoro

Abstract

Bites by Bothrops jararaca (Bj) snakes evoke hemostatic disturbances in patients. The pathophysiology of such disturbances is complex, but the importance of the major enzyme families with anti-hemostatic activity, found in Bj venom. i.e., metalloproteinases and serine proteinases, to promote them is not known. Moreover, the local injury induced at the site of venom inoculation might also stimulate tissue factor (TF) release into bloodstream, favoring the coagulopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of metalloproteinases and serine proteinases of Bj venom, as well the TF expression to the genesis of hemostatic disturbances, using an experimental model in rats. Crude Bj venom was previously incubated with 13 mM Na2-EDTA or 4 mM AEBSF to inhibit metalloproteinases and serine proteinases, respectively, and administered s.c. or i.v. into rats. After 3 and 6 h, hemostatic parameters and TF and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) expression were evaluated in plasma and samples of skin and lungs. Circulating venom levels increased more rapidly in i.v. group, and neither Na2-EDTA nor AEBSF treatment reduced the circulating venom levels in comparison with the control group. Platelet counts showed a marked decrease in all groups administered with Bj venom in comparison with saline-treated rats; the fall in platelet counts was more intense in animals administered i.v. with Bj venom. The pre-treatment of venom with AEBSF failed to block the fall in platelets count, and only Na2-EDTA minimally reversed thrombocytopenia. Nonetheless, non-treated venom provoked plasma fibrinogen consumption, generation of fibrin(ogen) degration products, prolongation of prothrombin time (TP), and hemorrhage at the site of venom inoculation. However, Na2-EDTA, but not AEBSF, completely blocked these parameters. Factor VII levels were not reduced during envenomation, and they showed a marked increase in envenomed rats at 6 h in the s.c. group. Envenomed rats showed a marked increase in plasma TF levels, which was also blocked by Na2-EDTA. In addition, TF expression was increased in the lung and skin samples. PDI expression in skin was reduced at 6 h in all groups treated with venom. These findings demonstrate that metalloproteinases are essential venom components involved in the Bj-induced coagulopathy. Nonetheless, metalloproteinases and serine proteases had no direct involvement in the genesis of Bj-induced thrombocytopenia and other venom mechanisms/toxins seem to be associated therein. High levels of TF in plasma may occur during snake envenomation, so that the etiopathogenesis of coagulopathy in snake envenomation resembled that of true disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 10/02568-6 - Pathogenesis of systemic hemostatic disturbances induced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom
• Grantee: Karine Miki Yamashita
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master