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| Author(s): |
Denise D'Agostini
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 2001-11-19 |
| Examining board members: |
Luiz Antonio Gioielli;
Cristina Northfleet de Albuquerque;
Renato Grimaldi;
Suzana Caetano da Silva Lannes;
Marina Franco Maggi Tavares
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| Advisor: | Luiz Antonio Gioielli |
| Abstract | |
Structured lipids are compounds that can be synthesized by blending followed interesterification of fats and oils. These compounds, formed by rearrangement of medium and long chain tryacylglicerols show physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics different from the original lipids. They can also be considered nutraceuticals" because of their potentiality in preventing and treating illnesses. This is due to the present clinical advantages associated to the medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and also, the particular structure of the lipidic molecule formed by the interesterification. Two lipid modification methods were used in this study: blending and interesterification. Refined palm oil, palm kernel oil and medium chain tryacylglicerols (Trigliceril CM) were used as raw material. Ten experiments were planned and carried out. A mathematical model using the special cubic type multiple regression was applied to the analytical responses obtained. The results were shown in triangular diagrams where the contour curves were traced. A correlation between the quantitative measures of the microscopic morphologic aspects and the physical characteristics of the lipids was also established. The following analysis were carried out: determination of softening and melting points, viscosity, consistency, solid fat content, stereospecific distribution of fatty acids by enzymatic hydrolysis technique, and crystal structure of samples obtained before and after chemical interesterification. The results show that the interactions that occurred amongst the three components were not significant in relation to the softening and melting points, the viscosity, and the consistency before interesterification, and the solid fat content before and after interesterification. The negative coefficients of the parameters analyzed show an antagonic effect, which is characteristic of eutectic interactions amongst fats. The softening and melting points depended on the palm and palm kernel fats, and on the interactions that occurred between the medium chain tryacylglicerols (MCT) and the palm and palm kernel fats. The viscosity depended on the palm and palm kernel fats and on the medium chain tryacylglicerols (MCT). The solid fat content depended on the palm and palm kernel fats and on the binary interactions between them. The results of the stereospecific distribution showed that, instead of a random distribution, oleic acid was preferably esterified at the sn-2 position, whereas palmitic and stearic acids were mainly distributed at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. The saturated fatty acids in the structured lipids increased their participation in the tryacylglicerol central position, whereas the unsaturated fatty acids decreased their participation at the same position. Fractal dimension, crystal diameter, and crystal number at 15, 20, 25 and 30ºC were determined to analyze the crystal structure. Fractal dimension varied from 1,47 to 2,44 and from 1,35 to 2,59 before and after the interesterification reaction, respectively. The crystal number varied from 38 to 5245 and from 33 to 3318, before and after the interesterification reaction, respectively. The average diameter of the crystals before interesterification varied from 11,93 to 643,48m and, after interesterification, these values varied from 12,96 to 299,20m. Structured lipids showed a smaller crystal number and smaller fractal dimensions than the original mixtures, with exception of the sample containing 2/3 of palm oil. (AU) | |