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| Author(s): |
André Zelanis Palitot Pereira
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 2011-05-30 |
| Examining board members: |
Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano;
Hugo Aguirre Armelin;
Pio Colepicolo Neto;
Gilberto Barbosa Domont;
Magno Rodrigues Junqueira
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| Advisor: | Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano |
| Abstract | |
Previous studies have demonstrated that the biological activities displayed by the venom of the snake Bothrops jararaca undergo a significant ontogenetic shift. In this investigation, we performed comparative proteomic, peptidomic and transcriptomic analyses of venoms and venom glands from newborn and adult specimens of B. jararaca and correlated the results with the evaluation of functional venom features. Venoms from 694 two-week old newborns and 110 adults from São Paulo state were milked and lyophilized for functional and proteomic/peptidomic analyses. Additionally, mRNA was obtained from the venom glands of 20 newborns and 10 adults and used for the construction of cDNA libraries and Expressed Sequence Tag (ESTs). We demonstrate that newborn and adult venoms have similar hemorrhagic activities, while the adult venom has a slightly higher lethal activity upon mice; however, the newborn venom is extremely more potent to kill chicks, a feature that might ensure protection against potential predators in early stages of B. jararaca life. Interestingly, the coagulant activity of the newborn venom upon human plasma is ten times higher than that of the adult venom and is contributed mainly by metalloproteinases. Differences in functional activities were clearly reflected in the venom different profiles of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and protein spot identification by in-gel trypsin digestion followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gelatin zimography, immunostaining using specific anti-proteinase antibodies, and concanavalin A-binding proteins. The venom comparison by isobaric tag peptide labeling (iTRAQ) and ESTs analysis revealed clear differences in toxin levels. The metalloproteinases were detected as the toxin class most expressed in the venoms in addition to being the toxins whose structural profile most changed, as illustrated by the ratio P-III/P-I class being higher in newborn venoms. Sexual dimorphism has been detected in various adult venom toxin classes by proteomic and transcriptomic analyses and, interestingly, the nerve growth factor was detected only in the male venom gland/venom. The glycoproteomic analysis showed that N-glycosylation seems to be the most prominent post-translational modification in B. jararaca toxins and the N-glycosylation profiles differed for newborn and adult venom toxins. Nevertheless, the N-glycan composition between the samples did not vary indicating that differences in the utilization of the N-glycosylation motif could be the explanation for the differences in the glycosylation levels indicated by the differential electrophoretic profiles of venom proteins. The analysis of the peptide fraction of newborn and adult venoms by mass spectrometry revealed a similar profile of Bradykinin Potentiating peptides (BPPs), however these were detected in the venoms showing their canonical sequences and also novel sequences corresponding to BPPs processed from their precursor protein at sites so far not described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study on a snake venom variation and the results clearly demonstrate a relationship between the ontogenetic shift in diet and animal size, and the venom proteome/peptidome in B. jararaca species (AU) | |