Grazing intensity as a determinant of structure and carbon assimilation in swards of Xaraes palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Xaraés] under continuous stocking

Author(s)

Diego Noleto Luz Pequeno

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: Piracicaba.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC)
• Defense date: 2010-02-25

Examining board members

Carlos Guilherme Silveira Pedreira; Gustavo José Braga; Alexandre Carneiro Leão de Mello

• Advisor: Carlos Guilherme Silveira Pedreira

Abstract

Forage production from pastures is the result of a complex and dynamic process where structural features such as the arrangement and distribution of plant parts and patterns of light distribution condition physiological and productive responses. Canopy height, when kept constant can be related to the productive, physiological and structural responses by the canopy, allowing for the development of grazing management recommendations. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of canopy height, maintained at 15, 30 and 45 cm on productive, morphological and physiological responses of Xaraes palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich) Stapf. cv. Xaraés] under continuous stocking. The study was carried out at Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", USP campus, located in Piracicaba - SP. Responses measured included forage production and accumulation rates, the proportion of leaves, stems and dead material, leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), leaf angle, and photosynthetic rates of leaf and canopy. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replications. Experimental units (paddocks) had 120 m2 each and canopy heights were kept constant using the mob grazing technique. The total herbage yield and accumulation rate did not vary among canopy heights. Forage mass was directly related to the height of the canopy and the largest proportion of leaves in the canopy kept at 15 cm was accompanied by a lower proportion of stems, except in late spring, compared to those kept at 45 cm. In late spring higher proportions of dead material were found in swards kept at 45 cm, but this response did not vary with canopy height from summer to early autumn. Leaf area index was directly related to canopy height, averaging 1.6 to 3.4 for the canopies kept at 15 and 45 cm, respectively. Canopy LAI of 2.5 already showed maximum LI (99%), a condition found in pastures maintained at 30 cm. Leaf angle was not affected by canopy height, with an average of 39 degrees from the horizontal reference. The average photosynthetic rate of the youngest fully expanded leaf decreased by 17% when the average canopy height was increased from 15 to 45 cm. Simulated rates of canopy photosynthesis were increased with increasing canopy height, reaching maximum values in swards kept at 30 cm. The increase in canopy photosynthetic rates followed the same pattern of response of LAI and LI. Canopy height in grazed grass Xaraes palisadegrass can be maintained between 15 and 45 cm, but significant losses can occur in carbon assimilation when the canopies are kept at 15 cm. (AU)