Reproductive strategies in Melipona, with emphasis in small populations of Melipona scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponini)

Author(s)

Denise de Araujo Alves

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2010-08-24

Examining board members

Vera Lucia Imperatriz Fonseca; Maria Cristina Arias; Lucio Antonio de Oliveira Campos; Carlos Alfredo Lopes de Carvalho; Klaus Hartmann Hartfelder

• Advisor: Vera Lucia Imperatriz Fonseca; Persio de Souza Santos Filho

Abstract

Stingless bees play an important ecological role as pollinators of many wild plant species in the tropics and have significant potential for the pollination of agricultural crops. However, as a consequence of habit degradation, populations of a number of bee species have became increasingly small and separated from one another by large distances. Thus, stingless beekeeping is an essential component of biodiversity conservation, as well as a profitable business. Therefore, conservation efforts and breeding programme on a large scale require a combination of factors, including a broader biological knowledge, especially those related to production of sexuals and to the genetic diversity needed to maintain the viability of small population. In this context, the main goals were to evaluate the genetic variability in managed populations under or not genetic isolation and the production of males and queens. Two Melipona scutellaris populations were studied and they were kept in different geographic regions, one in Igarassu (PE; 7°50\'S 34°54\'W), in the species natural area of occurrence, and the other in São Simão (SP; 21°26 47°34W), where the population was started from only two foundress colonies and which after a breeding programme of ten years increased to about 55. Despite a great reduction in the number of alleles and an increased frequency of diploid males in the S. Simão population, it could be successfully bred and maintained for a prolonged period (ca. 10 years). Probably the low number of sex alleles in S. Simão population, leading to production of diploid males, was the main reason for the highest level of sexual production. To counter-balance the high production of diploid males, the replacement of mother queen was more frequent leading to higher levels of queen production by the colonies. Furthermore, the high production of males and queens can also be explained by the individual fitness benefits. Queen and reproductive workers were haploid males mothers. However, 80% of the workers sons had genotypes that were compatible with them being the sons of workers that were the offspring of a superseded queen, indicating that these workers greatly outlive all other workers and reproductively parasitize the next-generation workforce, that are less related individuals. Related to queen overproduction, 25% of all queenless colonies were invaded by unrelated queens that fly in from unrelated hives nearby. In these non-natal colonies, the alien queens started their egg laying activities. Another study related to the high queen production was conducted in a polygyne colony of M. quadrifasciata, where eight physogastric queens coexisted. Contrary to the hypothesis that some of these queens could be an alien queen, it was confirmed that they were full-sisters. This suggests new reproductive strategies that are unknown for Melipona bees. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 05/58093-8 - Reproductive strategies in Melipona, with emphasis in small populations of Melipona scutellaris (Apidae, Meliponini)
• Grantee: Denise de Araujo Alves
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate (Direct)