Comparative ecotoxicity of herbicides used in sugarcane plantations ti amphibian larvae

Author(s)

Mariana Fekete Moutinho

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2013-07-12

Examining board members

Luís César Schiesari; Augusto Cesar; Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola

• Advisor: Luís César Schiesari

Abstract

In the last three decades, the increasing demand for biofuels in Brazil favored the expansion of sugarcane and, as a consequence, an increase in the consumption of pesticides. Several species of amphibians are subject to pesticide exposure for occuring in or around sugarcane fields. However, a preliminary risk assessment of pesticide exposure is not possible due to the absolute scarcity of ecotoxicological studies with native amphibian species. This thesis proposed to test the hypotheses that (1) the main herbicides used in sugarcane crops in Brazil, although designed for weed control, cause mortality of amphibian larvae (2) this mortality manifests even when amphiban larvae are exposed to environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations (3) in addition to any lethal effects, exposure of amphibian larvae to environmentally relevant herbicide concentrations causes sublethal effects in terms of growth, development, behavior, immunocompetence, and enzimatic activity, and these effects may be important in influencing individual performance. We used as model system the leiuperid frog Physalaemus cuvieri and the hylid frogs Hypsiboas faber and Hypsiboas pardalis. The distributional ranges of these species partially overlap with the region of cultivation of sugarcane in the country, and the first two species are known to colonize waterbodies in or around sugarcane fields. These three species were exposed to glyphosate, ametryn, 2,4-D, metribuzin and acetochlor, presented as active ingredients. These herbicides account to ~2/3 of the volume of herbicides employed in an important sugarcane producing region in the country; herbicides correspond to the majority of pesticides used in this crop. Experiments of acute exposure of P. cuvieri and H. pardalis showed that all herbicides are toxic to amphibian larvae, albeit some of them only in very high doses. There was a relatively consistent ranking in lethality among the compounds (glyphosate < metribuzin < ametryn < acetochlor). A literature review suggests that the species tested tend to be relatively robust when compared to other amphibians and other freshwater animals, and that, contrary to a broadly disseminated hypothesis, amphibians do not seem to be particularly sensitive to contaminants. Experiments of chronic exposure aimed at simulating realistic scenarios of exposure by manipulating minimum (H. faber) and maximum application doses (H. faber, H. pardalis), as recommended by manufacturers for weed control in sugarcane fields. As expected, prolonged exposure induced mortality at much lower concentrations than those manipulated in the experiments of acute exposure. Environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate, ametryn and acetochlor induced significant mortality in larval amphibians, at least for H. pardalis. Glyphosate, 2,4-D and metribuzin significantly slowed development in H. faber, whereas ametryn slowed development and growth in H. pardalis. Herbicides also had behavioral effects: activity rates of H. pardalis were significantly reduced under exposure to ametryn and acetochlor. AChE activity was inhibited by metribuzin in H. faber but stimulated by glyphosate, ametryn and 2,4-D in H. pardalis; in turn, GST activity, which was not influenced by exposure to herbicides in H. faber, was stimulated by ametryn and acetochlor in H. pardalis. No herbicide induced significant changes in leukocyte profiles. In conclusion, this thesis suggests that exposure to environmentally relevant doses of the main herbicides employed in sugarcane fields in Brazil can cause lethal and sublethal effects on native species of larval amphibians. Some of these sublethal effects, including the decrease in activity, growth and developmental rates, may have important consequences for individual performance for extending the larval period and as such increasing the risk of dessication in temporary and semi-permanent ponds. Future studies should seek additional realism towards a risk analysis of the environmental contamination by herbicides through experiments manipulating not only active ingredients but also commercial formulations, as well as interactions among contaminants and other environmental stressors, calibrated by field-measured conditions. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 11/05280-6 - Comparative ecotoxicity of pesticides used in plantations of sugar cane on amphibian larvae
• Grantee: Mariana Fekete Moutinho
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master