Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria represents a global challenge, impacting human, animal, and environmental health. Resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria, such as those encoding extended-spectrum ¿-lactamases (ESBLs: blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM) and carbapenemases (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48), are widely distributed and have been detected in natural environments. Moreover, the e…