Greenness of procedures using NADES in the preparation of vegetal samples: Comparison of five green metrics

Author(s)

Ferreira, Sabrina S. ; Brito, Thomas A. ; Santana, Ana P. R. ; Guimaraes, Taciana G. S. ; Lamarca, Rafaela S. ; Ferreira, Karen C. ; Gomes, Paulo C. F. Lima ; Oliveira, Andrea ; Amaral, Clarice D. B. ; Gonzalez, Mario H.

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: TALANTA OPEN; v. 6, p. 7-pg., 2022-12-01.

Abstract

The principles of green analytical chemistry have led to the development of analytical procedures that are increasingly sustainable. Different metrics have been created for the evaluation of greenness, although determination of the green nature of new analytical methods remains challenging, including for extraction methods that involve the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). In this study, the following five chemical metrics for the evaluation of greenness were considered: National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Eco-Scale, Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC). These methods were applied in evaluation of the environmental and sustainability characteristics of three different methods for the preparation of plant material samples: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD). These methods employed different NADES as extraction solvents, as well as dilute nitric acid as an oxidizing agent, for the determination of As, Cd, Pb, and V by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The NEMI metric found no differences between the MAE-NADES and UAE-NADES methods. The GAPI metric found differences between the MAE-NADES and UAE-NADES methods and identify the disadvantageous aspects of each step of the methods. The Analytical Eco-Scale and AGREE identified the MAE-NADES method as the greenest, while WAC-12 RGB indicated the UAE-NADES method as the greenest procedure. A detailed discussion is provided of the application of each metric, together with their differences and advantages. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 21/14581-1 - Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents (hDES) Applied to Remove Emerging and Inorganic Contaminants in Environmental Samples
• Grantee: Rafaela Silva Lamarca
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 19/22113-8 - Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: synthesis, characterization, and application for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se, and V in environmental samples using ICP-MS
• Grantee: Mario Henrique Gonzalez
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 14/50945-4 - INCT 2014: National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactivies
• Grantee: Maria Valnice Boldrin
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 15/08873-9 - Assessment of arsenic's bioaccumulation and associated risks from fish consumption in Brazil
• Grantee: Mario Henrique Gonzalez
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 17/18531-3 - Green analytical chemistry: from sample preparation to trace element determinations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
• Grantee: Mario Henrique Gonzalez
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants