Optimizing Retinal Imaging: Evaluation of ultrasmall TiO₂ nanoparticlefluorescein conjugates for improved Fundus Fluorescein Angiography

Author(s)

Dias, Marina Franca ; Kawassaki, Rodrigo Ken ; de Melo, Lutiana Amaral ; Araki, Koiti ; Guimaraes, Robson Raphael ; Fialho, Silvia Ligorio

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: METHODS; v. 233, p. 12-pg., 2025-01-01.

Abstract

Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) has been extensively used for the identification, management, and diagnosis of various retinal and choroidal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, among others. This exam enables clinicians to evaluate retinal morphology and the pathophysiology of retinal vasculature. However, adverse events, including from mild to severe reactions to sodium fluorescein, have been reported. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPTiO2) have shown significant potential in numerous biological applications. Coating or conjugating these nanoparticles with small molecules can enhance their stability, photochemical properties, and biocompatibility, as well as increase the hydrophilicity of the nanoparticles, making them more suitable for biomedical applications. This work demonstrates the potential use of ultrasmall titanium dioxide nanoparticles conjugated with sodium fluorescein to improve the quality of angiography exams. The strategy of conjugating fluorescein with NPTiO2 successfully enhanced the fluorescence photostability of the contrast agent and increased its retention time in the retina. Preliminary in vivo and in vitro safety tests suggest that these nanoparticles are safe for the intended application demonstrating low tendency to hemolysis, and no significant changes in the retina thickness or in the electroretinography a-wave and b-wave amplitudes. Overall, the conjugation of fluorescein to NPTiO2 has produced a nanomaterial with favorable properties for use as an innovative contrast agent in FFA examinations. By providing a clear description of our methodology of analysis, we also aim to offer better perspectives and reproducible conditions for future research. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 18/21489-1 - Supramolecular nanotechnology: design, materials and devices
• Grantee: Henrique Eisi Toma
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 19/02151-2 - Development of MRI and PET/PECT dual mode theranostic nanoagent
• Grantee: Rodrigo Ken Kawassaki
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate (Direct)
• FAPESP's process: 14/50928-2 - INCT 2014: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: a transdisciplinary approach
• Grantee: Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants