Green extraction using natural deep eutectic solvents for determination of As, Cd, and Pb in plant and food matrices by ICP-MS

Author(s)

Brito, Thomas A. ; Costa, Floriatan Santos ; Oliveira, Rodolpho C. ; Amaral, Clarice D. B. ; Labuto, Georgia ; Gonzalez, Mario Henrique

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: Food Chemistry; v. 464, p. 11-pg., 2025-02-01.

Abstract

In this study, extraction methods using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were proposed for the determination of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in plant and food matrices. NADES are green and sustainable solvents with advantageous chemical properties for such applications. The NADES were prepared with different components, characterized, and applied in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave- assisted extraction (MAE) methods. Experimental variables including temperature, extraction time, and sample-solvent ratio, were investigated using experimental designs to establish the optimal extraction conditions before analysis by ICP-MS. For the MAE method, the optimal conditions were extraction temperature of 100 degrees C, extraction time of 40 min, and SSR of 40:1 m v(-1), resulting in recoveries of up to 84 %. For the UAE method, the optimal conditions were 40 degrees C, 40 min, and sample-solvent ratio (SSR) of 30:1 m v(-1), with recoveries ranging from 96 % to 109 %, all with relative standard deviations less than 11 %. The proposed methods provided low detection limits (mg kg(-1)), with values of <0.0160 for As, <0.0030 for Cd, and < 0.0090 for Pb for UAE and MAE. The methods were considered green, achieving scores of 0.54 (MAE) and 0.45 (UAE) on the analytical greenness metric for sample preparation. The use of NADES as efficient extractants, combined with multivariate optimization, resulted in optimal experimental conditions, good analytical performance, and enhanced sustainability. The proposed method is a promising approach for applications in food safety and public health studies. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 14/50945-4 - INCT 2014: National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactivies
• Grantee: Maria Valnice Boldrin
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 21/14759-5 - Sustainable solvents and extraction techniques in green analytical chemistry for determination of emerging and inorganic contaminants in environmental samples
• Grantee: Mario Henrique Gonzalez
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 19/22113-8 - Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: synthesis, characterization, and application for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se, and V in environmental samples using ICP-MS
• Grantee: Mario Henrique Gonzalez
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 17/18531-3 - Green analytical chemistry: from sample preparation to trace element determinations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
• Grantee: Mario Henrique Gonzalez
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants