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| Author(s): |
Tiago Antônio Del Valle
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Pirassununga. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/SBD) |
| Defense date: | 2018-08-24 |
| Examining board members: |
Francisco Palma Rennó;
Ives Cláudio da Silva Bueno;
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra;
Alexandre Vaz Pires;
Polyana Pizzi Rotta Costa e Silva
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| Advisor: | Francisco Palma Rennó |
| Abstract | |
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) addition and different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) in the diet of dairy cows on: feed intake, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism, productive performance and nitrogen balance; microbial protein synthesis estimates using 15N and purines basis (PB) as microbial markers, composition of bacterial pellets, urinary recovery of purines derivatives (PD) and endogenous PD excretion; omasal flow of fatty acids (FA), the bio-hydrogenation extent and FA profile of bacteria. Eight lactating, multiparous and rumen cannulated cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were obtained by the combination of CSFA addition (-CSFA: without supplementation, and +CSFA: with 3.32% CSFA per kg dry matter - DM) and the RDP level (LRDP: low RDP, with 9.8% MS of RDP, and HRDP, high RDP: with 11.0% RDP of diet DM). Fat supplementation reduced (P ≤ 0.049) feed intake, while tended (P = 0.076) to increase rumination time, and increased (P = 0.015) ruminal pH. In addition, CSFA supplementation decreased (P ≤ 0.013) DM and organic matter ruminal digestibility, and tended (P ≤ 0.096) to reduce NDF ruminal digestibility, and reduced (P = 0.043) N truly digested in the rumen. Besides negative effect (P = 0.039) on non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) associated with large phase, CSFA showed no effect (P ≥ 0.634) on total NAN and microbial NAN flow, and increased (P = 0.032) microbial efficiency. Animals fed CSFA had higher (P = 0.043) milk yield, with lower (P < 0.001) fat content, and improved (P < 0.001) feed efficiency and N usage efficiency, in relation to those animals fed with non-supplemented diets. Animals fed LRDP tended to show higher (P ≤ 0.096) CP intake, and acetate to propionate ruminal ratio, in relation to animals fed HRDP. In addition, HRDP increased (P ≤ 0.048) starch total tract apparent digestibility and ruminal truly digestibility of N. The level of RDP showed no effect (P ≥ 0.719) on microbial N synthesis and microbial efficiency, and lower RDP level increased (P ≤ 0.055) milk yield and decreased milk protein content. Decreased RDP level tended (P = 0.074) to reduce N fecal excretion, and increased (P = 0.021) fractional urinary excretion. Particle-associated bacteria (PAB) showed lower (P ≤ 0.008) enrichment with 15N and purines N to total microbial N ratio, than liquid associated bacteria (LAB). Purine basis overestimated (P ≤ 0.002) microbial flow, especially LAB flow. However, there was interaction (P = 0.067) between the effects of marker and lipid supplementation on PAB flow. In diets containing CSFA, PB and 15N showed similar (P > 0.05) estimates, whereas in the absence of CSFA, PB underestimated (P ≤ 0.05) PAB flow, in relation to 15N. Increased dietary RDP levels tended (P = 0.061) to reduce omasal PB flow and decreased (P = 0.007) it\'s urinary recovery. Urinary recovery of PD was extremely variable (33.9% variation coefficient). Different evaluated factors had no effect (P ≥ 0.108) on urinary excretion of creatinine, and PD of endogenous origin. Daily excretions of creatinine and endogenous PD were 0.262 mmol/kg and 640 mmol/0.75, respectively. Higher RDP level resulted in reduced (P < 0.001) C4:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0 FA intake, and tended (P = 0.068) to reduce C18:1 trans intake. There was an interaction (P ≤ 0.095) between effects of the RDP and CSFA on the omasal flow of total FA and some specific FA (C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-9 cis-12, C18: 3 cis and C22:0). This interaction occurred due to the higher (P ≤ 0.05) omasal flow as consequence of increased RDP level, in the diets without CSFA. In diets containing CSFA, no effect (P > 0.05) of the RDP level was observed on the omasal flow of FA. Consequently, the increase of RDP reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the bio-hydrogenation extent of these FA in the diets -CSFA, with no effects (P > 0.05) on the diets +CSFA. The addition of CSFA increased (P ≤ 0.001) C18:2 bio-hydrogenation extent, as well as FA content of bacterial pellets. Dietary level of RDP had no effect (P ≥ 0.116) on microorganisms and milk FA profile. The addition of CSFA decreased or tended (P ≤ 0.080) to decrease the levels of C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0 and C18:0 FA, while increased (P ≤ 0.005) the concentrations of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids in the microorganisms. In addition, CSFA reduced (P ≤ 0.009) the concentration of all FA lower than 18 carbons, saturated and unsaturated ratio in milk fat, and increased (P ≤ 0.001) the concentrations of FA with 18 carbons or more, as well as unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, CSFA dietary addition decreases feed intake, increases rumination time, microbial efficiency, and milk yield. Higher level of RDP reduces N fecal losses and milk yield, and increases urinary losses of N. Purine basis overestimate microbial flow, especially LAB flow, by the presence of PB of dietary origin. Lipid supplementation affects the relationship between PAB flow estimates using 15N and PB, leading to a low correlation between the estimates with the two techniques. The urinary recovery of the PD was extremely variable and increased with the increase of the dietary RDP level. Creatinine excretions and endogenous excretion of PD are not affected by evaluated treatments. Lipid supplementation affects FA intake and omasal flow, as well as microorganisms and the milk FA profile. Although potentially increase the flow of some unsaturated FA and reduce the extent of bio-hydrogenation of C18:1 and C18:3 FA in the diets without CSFA, the level of RDP has no effects on microorganisms and milk FA profile. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 16/02855-1 - Nitrogen and nucleic acids metabolism in dairy cows fed with lipid source |
| Grantee: | Tiago Antonio Del Valle |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate |