Mechanisms associated with the development of complications of type 2 diabetes in ob/ob female mice: preventive role of dynamic aerobic resistance or combined exercise training

Author(s)

Michelle Sartori

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD)
• Defense date: 2016-02-04

Examining board members

Maria Claudia Costa Irigoyen; Vera de Moura Azevedo Farah; Bruno Rodrigues; Carmen Guilherme Christiano de Matos Vinagre

• Advisor: Maria Claudia Costa Irigoyen; Kátia de Angelis Lobo D'Avila

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of aerobic, resistance or combined (aerobic + resistance) exercise training in the development of type 2 diabetes, analyzing mechanisms associated with diabetes complications in female mice with deficiency in leptin production (ob/ob). Female mice, initially with 4 weeks of age, were divided into 6 groups: ob/ob sedentary with 4 weeks of life (OS-4), sedentary wild type (SS) or ob/ob sedentary (OS-12) followed until 12 week life, ob/ob+aerobic training (OA), ob/ob+resistance training (OR) and ob/ob+combined training (OC). The trained groups were submitted to eight weeks of dynamic aerobic exercise training on a treadmill (50-60% of maximum stress test speed) or resistance exercise on a ladder (40-60% of the maximum load) or an association of these two trainings (combined). Body weight; glucose, triglycerides, and total blood cholesterol; blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR); baroreflex sensitivity (BRS); cardiovascular autonomic modulation; inflammatory and hormonal markers; and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Obese animals (OS-12) showed increased body and fat weight, blood glucose, triglyceride and glucose intolerance when compared to wild type animals (SS). Additionally, OS-12 group showed decreased capacity in aerobic and strength exercise tests. We did not observe differences between the SS and the OS-12 groups regarding BP and HR, however the OS-12 group showed reduced heart rate variability (HRV) (33 ± 4ms2) and baroreflex sensitivity when compared to the SS group (178 ± 19 ms2). The OS-12 group showed increased angiotensin 2 in kidney and heart tissues, decreased adiponectin and increased inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue and in the spleen in relation to the SS group. Moreover, obese animals presented increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes in kidney and heart tissues when compared to SS group. The comparison between the OS-4 and the OS-12 groups showed increased body and fat weight, blood glucose, glucose intolerance and oxidative stress in OS-12 compared to OS-4 group. The decrease in HRV and in BRS were observed in OS-4 and OS-12 groups. On the other hand, exercise training decreased weight gain and reduced blood glucose and glucose intolerance in all three trained groups compared to OS-12 group. Aerobic (61 ± 8ms2 and 6 ± 4 mmHg2) and resistance exercise training (66 ± 16ms2 and 6 ± 1.4mmHg2) were efficient in increasing the HRV and decrease the low frequency band of BP (vascular sympathetic modulation) as compared to OS-12 group; however OC group (43 ± 7ms2 and 8 ± 0.9mmHg2) was similar to OS-12 group (10±1.1mmHg2) and to OA and OR groups. In addition, the three types of exercsie training improved BRS. The three types of training reduced levels of angiotensin 2 and increased levels of angiotensin 1-7 in adipose tissue, kidney and heart. The aerobic exercise was more efficient in improving inflammatory profile in adipose tissue and spleen, since OA and OC groups showed an increase in adiponectin and only the OC group showed a decrease in IL-6 and PAI-1 in relation to the group OS-12. Regarding oxidative stress, the three trained groups showed a decrease in damage markers. In conclusion, our findings support the development of metabolic dysfunction during lifespan in ob/ob mice. Interestingly, 4 weeks old ob/ob mice showed a significant reduction in HRV parameters. This autonomic imbalance could be occurring not only in the heart, but in other tissues, such as the spleen and the adipose tissue, promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines could induce long-term target organ damage, as observed in this study in heart and kidney by increased oxidative stress. The trained groups, regardless of the type of training, showed improved metabolic and cardiovascular autonomic regulation, which were accompanied by favorable changes in the renin-angiotensin system, inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress profile. In this sense, we believe that the attenuation of autonomic dysfunction (early observed in this model of DM) by exercise training, regardless of the type of training, can induce positive changes (dependent on the type of exercise training) on the renin angiotensin system and inflammatory mediators, reducing oxidative stress in important tissues for cardiovascular regulation (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 11/20859-0 - Mechanisms associated with the development of complications of type 2 diabetes in female mice ob/ ob: preventive role of physical training aerobic dynamic, resistance or combined
• Grantee: Michelle Sartori
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate