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| Author(s): |
Renan Campos Chisté
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Campinas, SP. |
| Institution: | Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos |
| Defense date: | 2011-09-28 |
| Examining board members: |
Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante;
Helena Teixeira Godoy;
Eduarda das Graças Rodrigues Fernandes;
Inar alves de Castro;
Severino Matias de Alencar
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| Advisor: | Adriana Zerlotti Mercadante |
| Abstract | |
The bioactive compounds found in the plant kingdom have important biological functions and actions and may be considered human health promoters. The association between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the decreased risk of developing several chronic-degenerative disorders is already recognized, being the carotenoids and phenolic compounds, groups of the bioactive compounds responsible for such actions. The annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds and extracts are used as colourant in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, due to the presence of bixin. As far as we are concerned, no information about the composition of phenolic compounds present in the annatto seeds and extracts was reported. Thus, a method by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometer (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) was developed and validated for separation, identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and bixin in annatto seeds. Furthermore, using response surface methodology, an optimized procedure for simultaneous extraction of both compound classes was established. In addition to bixin, known to be the main carotenoid in annatto seeds, hypolaetin and a caffeoyl acid derivative were identified as the main phenolic compounds. The optimized procedure involved 15 extractions using acetone:methanol:water (50:40:10, v/v/v) as solvent, a solid¿liquid ratio of 1:9 (w/v) and an extraction time of 5 min per extraction in a sonicator. Validation data indicated that the developed HPLC method is suitable for the simultaneous analysis of phenolic compounds and bixin in annatto seeds. Liquid annatto extracts with high antioxidant capacity and colour potential were obtained from annatto seeds by extraction of phenolic compounds and bixin using solvents with different polarities (water, ethanol:water, ethanol, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate). The highest levels of total phenolic compounds were found in the water, ethanol:water and ethanol extracts (0.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/mL), and the highest level of bixin was found in the ethanol:ethyl acetate extract (5.2 mg/mL), which was characterised as the reddest and the most vivid one (a* = 40.5, h° = 46.1, C* = 58.4). The ethanol:ethyl acetate extract also showed the highest antioxidant activity (4.7 umol Trolox equivalent/mL) and the highest percentage of tryptophan protection against singlet oxygen (63.6 %). On the other hand, ethyl acetate and ethanol:water were the least effective solvents for the extraction of phenolic compounds and bixin, respectively. According to the multivariate statistical analysis, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate were the most promising solvents to obtain annatto extracts with both antioxidant and colour properties. From the extraction with different solvents (water, ethanol:water, ethanol, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate), freeze-dried annatto extracts were also obtained, and the capacities to scavenge reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species were evaluated. In addition, the levels of phenolic compounds and bixin in the annatto extracts were determined by HPLC-DAD. All annatto extracts were able to scavenge all the tested reactive species (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, singlet oxygen, nitric oxide radical, peroxynitrite anion and peroxyl radical) at low concentration in the ug/mL range, with the exception of superoxide radical. The ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate extracts of annatto seeds, which presented the highest levels of hypolaetin and bixin, respectively, were the extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity, and the bixin standard presented the lowest IC50 values. Piquia (Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers), a native fruit from Amazon region, can be considered an unexploited source of bioactive compounds, since few studies about chemical and phytochemical constituents are available. Thus, the chemical and phytochemical composition of piquia pulp was determinaed, including the composition of carotenoids and phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. According to the nutritional composition, water (52 %) and lipids (25 %) were the major components found in the pulp and the total energetic value was 291 Kcal/100 g. Regarding the bioactive compounds, the pulp presented (dry basis) higher content of phenolic compounds (236 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoids (67 mg catechin equivalent/100 g) and total tannins (60 mg tannic acid equivalent/100 g) than total carotenoids (7 mg/100 g) and alfa-tochopherol (1 mg/100 g). The major phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS were gallic acid (182 ug/g pulp), followed by ellagic acid rhamnoside (107 ug/g pulp) and ellagic acid (104 ug/g pulp). The main carotenoids identified were all-trans-antheraxanthin (3 ug/g), all-trans-zeaxanthin (3 ug/g), all-trans-neoxanthin (2 ug/g), all-trans-violaxanthin (1 ug/g) and all-trans-beta-carotene (0.7 ug/g). The antioxidant capacity of the pulp (3.7 mmol Trolox/100 g) indicates that the pulp can be considered a good peroxyl radical scavenger. Freeze-dried extracts of piquia using five solvents with different polarities (water, ethanol:water, ethanol, ethanol:ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate) were also obtained. All natural extracts were characterised in relation to the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids and tocopherols). In addition, the scavenging capacity of all piquia extracts against peroxyl radical, as well as the quenching capacity against singlet oxygen were determined. All the data were used for classification of the piquia extracts applying multivariate statistical analysis. The water and ethanol:water extracts presented the highest levels of total phenolic compounds (9.2 and 6.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively), total flavonoids (3.8 and 2.5 mg catechin equivalent/g, respectively) and total tannins (7.6 and 2.4 mg tannic acid/g, respectively). The ethanol:water extract also showed the highest scavenging capacity against peroxyl radical (ORAC) (0.3 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract). On the other hand, the ethanol extract, which was classified as the most vivid and yellow one (C*ab = 13.7 and b* = 13.3), presented the highest level of total carotenoids (0.1 mg/g) and highest percentage of protection against singlet oxygen (10.6 %). Based on the results of this study, ethanol:water mixture, water and ethanol are the most promising solvents to obtain piquia extracts with high contents of bioactive compounds, protection against singlet oxygen and peroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Therefore, such informations are important for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, since piquia and annatto are natural sources of bioactive compounds available for use as a potential raw material to obtain extracts against oxidative damage in foods or biological systems (AU) | |