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| Author(s): |
Jony Koji Dairiki
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Piracicaba. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2009-03-06 |
| Examining board members: |
Jose Eurico Possebon Cyrino;
Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias;
Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada;
Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato;
Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas
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| Advisor: | Jose Eurico Possebon Cyrino |
| Abstract | |
Only a few research report address dietary amino acids requirement of Brazilian fish; this is true especially in regard to dourado, Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), a migratory, carnivorous Characin, which is not only the largest scale fish of the Prata Basin but also a prized aquaculture and sport fishing species. This study address dietary amino acids requirements and the use of a plant protein source soybean meal in the nutrition and feeding of dourado. Dietary lysine requirements were determined in doseresponse assay and collected data analyzed by polynomial and broken-line regression. The A/E relationship [AE = (essential amino acid÷total essential amino acids+cystine+tyrosine) x 1.000] was used to estimate the nutritional requirements of other essential amino acids. Groups of 12 juvenile dourado (11.4±0.2g; 9.4±0.9cm) were stocked in polypropylene tanks (300L) with partial water exchange in a closed recirculation, aerated system, conditioned to accept dry feed (43%CP and 4,600kcal CE), and then fed experimental diets containing increasing levels of lysine: 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5% in a completely randomized design (n=4). Dietary lysine requirement for optimal final weight (WF), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was 2.15% of diet or 5% of the dietary protein; 2.5% dietary lysine or 5.8% of lysine in dietary protein yielded optimum feed conversion rate (FCR). Dietary arginine requirements were also determined in dose-response assay, also based on A/E relationship and carcass amino acid profile of dourado. Groups of 12 juvenile dourado (27.0±0.8g; 12.6±0.7cm) were fed with experimental diets containing increasing levels of arginine: 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 and 3.0% completely randomized design (n=4). Dietary arginine requirement for WF, WG, feed consumption and SGR was 1.48% of diet or 3.43% of the dietary protein; 1.40% dietary arginine or 3.25% of arginine in the protein caused the best FCR. The use of the broken-line regression was the most appropriate technique for determination of the dietary lysine and arginine requirement. A/E relationship was a reliable tool to estimate levels of essential amino acids requirements. To study the inclusion of soybean meal in diets for the species, the growth performance of groups of 12 juvenile dourado (27.0±0.8g; 12.6±0.7cm) fed with diets containing fish meal+ synthetic amino acids (FM), soybean meal+synthetic amino acids (SM) and mix of fish meal+soybean meal+synthetic amino acids (MIX) was evaluated. The indirect excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus was also evaluated by monitoring water quality parameters in the tanks stocked with groups of 20 juvenile dourado (74.3±10.6g; 18.7±0.8cm) in the same experimental conditions (n=3). Water samples were collected periodically (0, 2, 4 and 6 h after-feeding) for determination of ammonium (NH4 +), total ammonia (NH3) and total phosphorus (P). The use of soybean meal and synthetic amino acids are an efficient alternative to substitute or to minimize the use of the fish meal in the diets for the species, however, results regarding excretion of nitrogen andphosphorus were inconclusive, so additional efforts are needed to clarify this issue of importance for the consolidation of a sustainable aquiculture. (AU) | |