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(Reference retrieved automatically from Web of Science through information on FAPESP grant and its corresponding number as mentioned in the publication by the authors.)

The oxidation of p-phenylenediamine, an ingredient used for permanent hair dyeing purposes, leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals: Oxidative stress and DNA damage in human immortalized keratinocytes

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Author(s):
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Zanoni, Thalita B. [1] ; Hudari, Felipe [2] ; Munnia, Armelle [3] ; Peluso, Marco [3] ; Godschalk, Roger W. [4] ; Zanoni, Maria Valnice B. [2] ; den Hartog, Gertjan J. M. [4] ; Bast, Aalt [4] ; Barros, Silvia B. M. [5] ; Maria-Engler, Silvya S. [5] ; Hageman, Geja J. [4] ; de Oliveira, Danielle Palma [1]
Total Authors: 12
Affiliation:
[1] Univ Sao Paulo FCFRP USP, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Environm Toxicol, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil
[2] Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Inst Chem, Dept Analyt Chem, BR-14801970 Araraquara, SP - Brazil
[3] ISPO Canc Prevent & Res Inst, Canc Prevent Lab, Canc Risk Factor Branch, I-500139 Florence - Italy
[4] Maastricht Univ, Sch Nutr & Translat Res Metab, Res Inst NUTRIM, Dept Toxicol, NL-6200 MD Maastricht - Netherlands
[5] Univ Sao Paulo FCF USP, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Clin Chem & Toxicol, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo - Brazil
Total Affiliations: 5
Document type: Journal article
Source: Toxicology Letters; v. 239, n. 3, p. 194-204, DEC 15 2015.
Web of Science Citations: 11
Abstract

The hair-dyeing ingredient, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), was previously reported to be mutagenic, possibly by inducing oxidative stress. However, the exact mechanism of PPD in inducing oxidative stress upon skin exposure during hair-dyeing in human keratinocytes remains unknown. The aim of our studies was therefore to investigate the toxicity of PPD and its by-products in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) after auto-oxidation and after reaction with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We found that the PPD half maximal effective cytotoxic concentration (EC50) to HaCaT is 39.37 and 35.63 mu g/mL after 24 and 48 h, respectively, without addition of H2O2 to induce oxidation. When PPD (10 or 100 mu g/mL) is combined with 10.5 mu g/mL of H2O2, intracellular ROS production by HaCaT after 1 h was significantly increased and enhanced levels of DNA damage were observed after 4 h of exposure. After 24 h incubations, 20 mu g/mL of PPD increased the level of DNA oxidation in HaCaT. Also, we found that the in vitro reaction between PPD and H2O2, even below the maximum allowance by cosmetic industries, released hydroxyl radicals which can damage DNA. Taken together, we conclude that PPD alone and when combined with H2O2 increases the formation of reactive oxygen species in human keratinocytes, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent DNA damage. These alterations suggest that the mechanism by which PPD exposure, alone or combined with H2O2, damages keratinocytes by the formation of the high reactive HO center dot radicals. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. (AU)

FAPESP's process: 08/10449-7 - Assessment of occurrence, toxicity/genotoxicity and degradation processes of dyes in effluents and surface water
Grantee:Maria Valnice Boldrin
Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
FAPESP's process: 10/07116-6 - Profile evaluation of citotoxicity, mutagenicty and genotoxicity of the dyes Basic Red 51, Basic Yellow 57 and P-Phenylenodiamine used in hair dye on skin cells.
Grantee:Thalita Boldrin Zanoni
Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate
FAPESP's process: 12/05961-6 - In vitro studies of the potencial of oxidative stress and immunotoxic potencial of basic red 51 and basic yellow 57 in keratinocytes
Grantee:Thalita Boldrin Zanoni
Support Opportunities: Scholarships abroad - Research Internship - Doctorate