Natural History of Selenophanes cassiope guarany (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Brassolini): an Integrative Approach, From Molecules to Ecology

Author(s)

Shirai, Leila T. ; Barbosa, Eduardo P. ; Greve, Roberto R. ; Magaldi, Luiza M. ; Nascimento, Andre R. ; Freitas, Andre V. L.

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America; v. 110, n. 2, p. 145-159, MAR 2017.
• Web of Science Citations: 0

Abstract

Brassolines are among the largest Neotropical butterflies, with large eyespots resembling vertebrate eyes in their wings. Some subspecies of co- occurring brassolines show striking similarities in wing traits to the extent that mimicry within the tribe has been suggested. When adults exhibit phenotypic convergence, data on immature stages can be used to uncover similarities derived from common descent. Here, evidence for future phylogenies to support Selenophanes relatedness to either Opsiphanes or Catoblepia are provided by comparing novel molecular ( barcode sequence) and morphological ( immature) data. While barcoding showed Selenophanes sequences to be nested within Catoblepia, with intergeneric distances smaller than between Catoblepia species, the state of the art of immature morphological descriptions showed that Catoblepia and Opsiphanes were more similar than either were to Selenophanes. Despite their popularity, brassolines are difficult to find in nature, partly because they are active during dawn and dusk. S. cassiope is a rare species, so the hitherto unknown female of S. cassiope guarany Casagrande, 1992 is described, as well as morphologically and ecologically relevant adult traits. Analysis of sensory organs revealed a possible reversal of brassoline adaptations to the crepuscular habit. The pigment class of wing cells from several regions with different colors was melanin, except for white ( colorless) scales. Multitrophic interactions with an Arecaceae host plant, and egg ( Anastatus sp., Galeopsomyia sp.) and pupal ( Eurytoma sp.) parasitoids are also reported. This integrative approach benefits from a group with great potential to explore the interplay, frommolecules to ecology, of adaptive evolution. Resumen: Brassolineos estao entre as maiores borboletas Neotropicais, com grandes ocelos na asa imitando olhos de vertebrados. Algumas subespe ` cies de brassol ineos apresentam similaridades na asa a ponto de mimetismo dentro da tribo ter sido sugerido. Dados de est agios imaturos sao preciosos para sistem atica de Lepidoptera, revelando similaridades derivadas de ancestralidade comum quando os adultos sao convergentes. Evid<\^{}> encias para futuras filogenias para suportar a relac, ao de Selenophanes a Opsiphanes ou Catoblepia s ao aqui apresentadas atrave ` s da comparac, ao de dadosmoleculares ( barcode) emorfol ogicos ( imaturos). Enquanto as sequ<\^{}> encias de Selenophanes agruparam dentro de Catoblepia, comdist<\^{}> ancias inter-gene ` ricas menores do que entre espe ` cies de Catoblepia, o estado de arte de descric, oes morfologicas de imaturos mostrou que Catoblepia e Opsiphanes s ao mais similares entre si do que qualquer um com Selenophanes. Apesar de sua popularidade, brassol ineos s ao dif iceis de observar na natureza, parcialmente devido ao seu habito crepuscular. S. cassiope e ` uma espe ` cie rara, portanto a desconhecida f<\^{}> emea de S. cassiope guarany Casagrande, 1992 e ` descrita, assim como caracter isticas do adulto com relev<\^{}> ancia morfologica e ecol ogica. An alise deorgaos sensoriais revelaram poss ivel revers ao de adaptac, oes de brassol ineos ao habito crepuscular. A classe de pigmento de ce ` lulas da asa com diferentes cores foi melanina, exceto em ce ` lulas brancas ( incolores). Interac, oes multi-tr oficas de Arecaceae como planta hospedeira, e parasitoides de ovo ( Anastatus sp., Galeopsomyia sp.) e pupa ( Eurytoma sp.) s ao tambe ` m apresentadas. Esta abordagem integrativa se beneficia de um grupo compotencial de explorar a interac, ao, demole ` culas a ecologia, de evoluc, ao adaptativa. (AU)

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