Olfactory function in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. A longitudinal study and review of the literature

Author(s):Show less -

Bombini, Mariana Freschi ^{[1, 2, 3]} ; Peres, Fernando Augusto ^{[1, 2, 4]} ; Lapa, Aline Tamires ^{[1, 2, 5]} ; Sinicato, Nailu Angelica ^{[1, 2, 5]} ; Quental, Beatriz Ricato ^{[1, 2]} ; Melo Pincelli, Agatha de Souza ^{[1, 2]} ; Amaral, Tiago Nardi ^{[1, 2, 6, 4]} ; Gomes, Caroline Cristina ^[7] ; del Rio, Ana Paula ^[6] ; Marques-Neto, Joao Francisco ^[6] ; Costallat, Lilian T. L. ^[6] ; Fernandes, Paula Teixeira ^[8] ; Cendes, Fernando ^[9] ; Rittner, Leticia ^[10] ; Appenzeller, Simone ^{[1, 2, 6]}

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Rheumatol Lab, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[2] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Autoimmun Lab, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[3] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Physiopathol Grad Program, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[4] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Med Grad Program, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[5] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Child & Adolescent Hlth Grad Program, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[6] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Rheumatol Unit, Dept Med, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[7] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[8] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Phys Educ, Dept Sports Sci, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[9] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Med Imaging Comp Lab, Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[10] Univ Estadual Campinas, Sch Med Sci, Dept Neurol, Campinas, SP - Brazil

• Document type: Review article
• Source: AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS; v. 17, n. 4, p. 405-412, APR 2018.
• Web of Science Citations: 3

Abstract

Background/purpose: To evaluate olfactory function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and healthy controls over a 2-year period, and to determine the association of olfactory dysfunction with age, disease activity, disease damage, treatment, anxiety and depression symptoms and limbic structures volumes. Methods: Consecutive SLE and SSc patients were enrolled in this study. Clinical, laboratory disease activity and damage were assessed according to diseases specific guidelines. Olfactory functions were evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test (TDI). Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in a 3T Phillips scanner. Amygdalae and hippocampi volumes were analyzed using FreeSurfer software. Results: We included 143 SLE, 57 SSc and 166 healthy volunteers. Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 78 (54.5%) SLE, 35 (593%) SSc patients and in 24 (14.45%) controls (p < 0.001) at study entry. SLE and SSc patients had significantly lower mean in all three phases (TDI) of the olfactory assessment when compared with healthy volunteers. In SLE, the presence of olfactory dysfunction was associated with older age, disease activity, higher anxiety and depression symptoms score, smaller left hippocampus volume, smaller left and right amygdalae volume and the presence of anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) antibodies. In SSc the presence of olfactory impairment was associated with older age, disease activity, smaller left and right hippocampi volumes and smaller right amygdala volume. Olfactory function was repeated after a 2-year period in 90 SLE, 35 SSc and 62 controls and was stable in all three groups. Conclusion: Both SLE and SSc patients with longstanding disease had significant reduction in all stages of TDI that maintained stable over a 2-year period. Olfactory dysfunction was associated with age, inflammation and hippocampi and amygdalae volumes. In SLE, additional association with anti-P, anxiety and depression symptoms was observed. 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 13/07559-3 - BRAINN - The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology
• Grantee: Fernando Cendes
• Support type: Research Grants - Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers - RIDC
• FAPESP's process: 11/03788-2 - Longitudinal evaluation of interleukins 4, 6, 10 and 12, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and laboratory and clinical associations in systemic lupus erythematosus
• Grantee: Mariana Postal Zink de Souza
• Support type: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate
• FAPESP's process: 08/02917-0 - Blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers associated with structural and functional central nervous system abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus
• Grantee: Simone Appenzeller
• Support type: Research Grants - Young Investigators Grants