OVID-19 vaccinations: The unknowns, challenges, and hope

Author(s):Show less -

Mohamed, Kawthar ^{[1, 2]} ; Rzymski, Piotr ^{[3, 4]} ; Islam, Md Shahidul ^{[5, 6]} ; Makuku, Rangarirai ^{[1, 7]} ; Mushtaq, Ayesha ^{[8, 9]} ; Khan, Amjad ^{[10, 11]} ; Ivanovska, Mariya ^{[12, 13]} ; Makka, Sara A. ^{[14, 15]} ; Hashem, Fareeda ^{[1, 2]} ; Marquez, Leander ^{[16, 17]} ; Cseprekal, Orsolya ^{[18, 19]} ; Filgueiras, Igor Salerno ^{[20, 21]} ; Fonseca, Dennyson Leandro M. ^{[22, 21]} ; Mickael, Essouma ^{[23, 24]} ; Ling, Irene ^{[25, 26]} ; Arero, Amanuel Godana ^{[1, 27]} ; Cuschieri, Sarah ^{[28, 29]} ; Minakova, Kseniia ^{[30, 31]} ; Rodriguez-Roman, Eduardo ^{[32, 33]} ; Abarikwu, Sunny O. ^{[34, 35]} ; Faten, Attig-Bahar ^{[36, 37]} ; Grancini, Giulia ^{[38, 39]} ; Cabral-Marques, Otavio ^{[20, 22, 21]} ; Rezaei, Nima ^{[1, 40, 41]}

Affiliation:Show less -

^[1] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Med, Tehran - Iran

^[2] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Manama - Bahrain

^[3] Poznan Univ Med Sci, Dept Environm Med, Poznan - Poland

^[4] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Poznan - Poland

^[5] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Adv Technol Med, Dept Tissue Engn & Appl Cell Sci, Tehran - Iran

^[6] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Dhaka - Bangladesh

^[7] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Harare - Zimbabwe

^[8] Int Univ Kyrgyzstan, Int Higher Sch Med, Bishkek - Kyrgyzstan

^[9] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Bishkek - Kyrgyzstan

^[10] Quaid i Azam Univ, Dept Pharm, Islamabad - Pakistan

^[11] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Islamabad - Pakistan

^[12] Med Univ, Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Plovdiv - Bulgaria

^[13] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Plovdiv - Bulgaria

^[14] Lebanese Univ, Neurosci Res Ctr, Fac Med Sci, Beirut - Lebanon

^[15] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Beirut - Lebanon

^[16] Univ Philippines Diliman, Coll Social Sci & Philosophy, Quezon City - Philippines

^[17] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Quezon City - Philippines

^[18] Semmelweis Univ, Dept Transplantat & Surg, Budapest - Hungary

^[19] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Budapest - Hungary

^[20] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Immunol, Sao Paulo - Brazil

^[21] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Sao Paulo - Brazil

^[22] Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Clin & Toxicol Analyses, Sao Paulo - Brazil

^[23] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Erasme Hosp, Dept Rheumatol & Phys Med, Brussels - Belgium

^[24] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Yaounde - Cameroon

^[25] Monash Univ Malasia, Sch Sci, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Darul Ehsan, Selangor - Malaysia

^[26] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Darul Ehsan, Selangor - Malaysia

^[27] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Addis Ababa - Ethiopia

^[28] Univ Malta, Fac Med & Surg, Msida - Malta

^[29] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Valletta - Malta

^[30] Natl Tech Univ, Kharkiv Polytech Inst, Kharkiv - Ukraine

^[31] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Kiev - Ukraine

^[32] Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Microbiol & Cell Biol, Caracas - Venezuela

^[33] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Caracas - Venezuela

^[34] Univ Port Harcourt, Dept Biochem, Choba - Nigeria

^[35] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Choba - Nigeria

^[36] Univ Carthage, Tunisia Polytech Sch, Tunis - Tunisia

^[37] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Tunis - Tunisia

^[38] Univ Pavia, Phys Chem Unit, Dept Chem, Pavia - Italy

^[39] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Pavia - Italy

^[40] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Res Ctr Immunodeficiencies, Childrens Med Ctr, Tehran - Iran

^[41] Universal Sci Educ & Res Network USERN, Tehran - Iran

• Document type: Review article
• Source: Journal of Medical Virology; v. 94, n. 4 DEC 2021.
• Web of Science Citations: 1

Abstract

The entire world has been suffering from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since March 11, 2020. More than a year later, the COVID-19 vaccination brought hope to control this viral pandemic. Here, we review the unknowns of the COVID-19 vaccination, such as its longevity, asymptomatic spread, long-term side effects, and its efficacy on immunocompromised patients. In addition, we discuss challenges associated with the COVID-19 vaccination, such as the global access and distribution of vaccine doses, adherence to hygiene guidelines after vaccination, the emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, and vaccine resistance. Despite all these challenges and the fact that the end of the COVID-19 pandemic is still unclear, vaccines have brought great hope for the world, with several reports indicating a significant decline in the risk of COVID19-related infection and hospitalizations. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 20/07069-0 - Systemic and integrative analysis of T lymphocyte exhaustion mechanisms in patients with COVID-19
• Grantee: Otávio Cabral Marques
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 18/18886-9 - Systemic and integrative analysis of the immune response to Zika and Dengue viral infections
• Grantee: Otávio Cabral Marques
• Support Opportunities: Research Grants - Young Investigators Grants
• FAPESP's process: 20/01688-0 - Systemic and integrative analysis of the immune response to Zika and Dengue viral infections
• Grantee: Otávio Cabral Marques
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Young Researchers