GoAmazon: interactions of the urban plume of Manaus with biogenic forest emissions in Amazonia

• Grant number: 13/05014-0
• Support type: Research Program on Global Climate Change - Thematic Grants
• Duration: November 01, 2013 - January 31, 2018
• Field of knowledge: Physical Sciences and Mathematics - Geosciences
• Principal Investigator: Paulo Eduardo Artaxo Netto
• Grantee: Paulo Eduardo Artaxo Netto
• Home Institution: Instituto de Física (IF). Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo , SP, Brazil
• Co-Principal Investigators: Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias
• Assoc. researchers: Edmilson Dias de Freitas ; Gilberto Fernando Fisch ; Henrique de Melo Jorge Barbosa ; Julio Tota da Silva ; Luciana Varanda Rizzo ; Rita Valéria Andreoli de Souza ; Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza ; Rosa Maria Nascimento dos Santos ; Scot Turnbull Martin ; Theotonio Mendes Pauliquevis Júnior
• Associated grant(s): 14/50297-2 - Combined Aerosol Mass Spectrometry in the Amazon, AP.R
• Associated scholarship(s): 17/22170-6 - Characterization of background noise and pointing direction of a sky-imager, BP.IC; 16/18866-2 - Detailed observation of the microphysics of aerosols and clouds using the new HARP-CubeSat satellite, the grasp algorithm and in-situ measurements in Amazonia, BE.PQ; 16/24312-0 - Vertical distribution of clouds in Central Amazon from the measurements of a ceilometer, BP.IC; + associated scholarships 16/12342-1 - Observations of cloud lifecycle changes in Amazonia and their impacts on radiative budget, BP.PD; 16/18515-5 - Diurnal cycle of cloud cover in São Paulo derived from measurements of a low-cost skyimager, BP.IC; 16/12731-8 - Effects of urban pollution on the composition of gases and particles in a tropical forest, BP.PD; 15/00787-6 - Effects of anthropogenic pollution on warm clouds in the Amazon: a modelling study, BP.MS; 14/05238-8 - Physical-chemical properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosols in the Amazon Forest, BP.PD; 13/25058-1 - Impact of Manaus urban pollution on gases and particulate matter composition in the Amazon forest, BP.PD; 13/24734-3 - The impact of urban emissions of Manaus and biogenic emissions from the Amazon Forest on the composition and concentrations of volatile organic compounds and its atmospheric reactivity, BP.DR - associated scholarships

Abstract

The GoAmazon experiment seeks to understand how aerosol and cloud life cycles are influenced by pollutant outflow from Manaus in the tropical rain forest. Particularly, the susceptibility to cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions and the feedbacks among biosphere and atmosphere functioning and human activities. The scientific objectives are organized as Aerosol Life Cycle (ALC), Cloud Life Cycle (CLC), and Cloud-Aerosol-Radiation-Precipitation Interactions (CAPI). One of the focus is to understand the production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the interaction of urban pollution emissions with VOCs emitted from the forest. Manaus is a 2 million people urban area surrounded by hundreds of kilometers of forest, and the study of atmospheric processes in this interaction is important to regional and global climate change assessments. A set of detailed aerosol, trace gases and cloud measurements will be performed over 6 different sites, followed by detailed meteorological transport studies. Atmospheric properties measurements will take place before the Manaus plume on three sites (ATTO (site T0), ZF2 (site T01) and EMBRAPA (site T02)), 2 sites will be located downwind of the Manaus plume (Iranduba (site T2), close to the Negro River and Manacapuru (site T3)) and one site will be operated downtown Manaus. This FAPESP proposal involves the installation and operation of all 3 upwind sites (ATTO, ZF2 and EMBRAPA) and Iranduba. The data analysis and modeling, nevertheless will make use of all GoAmazon sites and data. In Manacapuru, US DoE will operate the ARM Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS-A and C) and the ARM Mobile Facility #1 (AMF1). In the sites operated by this proposal, a large set of measurements will be performed: aerosol optical measurements with spectral light scattering and absorption, aerosol size distribution, aerosol composition for organic and inorganic components, CCN (Cloud Condensation Nuclei), aerosol optical depth, radiation balance, atmospheric vertical thermodynamic structure among other measurements. Four aerosol mass spectrometers will be deployed to measure organic and inorganic aerosol composition with 30 minutes time resolution in several locations. Raman Lidar will measure the vertical distribution of aerosols and water vapor up to 12 Km. Trace gases such as O3, CO, CO2, CH4, SO2 and detailed VOCs characterization will also be determined. Measurements of cloud properties including cloud cover fraction, droplet size distribution, precipitation, water vapor and others will be combined with cloud and precipitation radars for a regional assessment of the complex cloud-aerosol- precipitation relationship. Boundary layer thermodynamic properties will be measured with frequent radiosondes in several sites. High resolution BRAMS regional modeling will be performed daily with 2 km resolution and full aerosol and trace gas chemistry. High resolution cloud modeling will integrate aerosol, CCN, water vapor and thermodynamic conditions for a variety of thermodynamic conditions. The GoAmazon measurements and modeling framework will provide a dataset vital to constrain tropical forest model parameterizations for organic aerosols, cloud and convection schemes, and radiation balance. The dataset also will provide insights into how these are perturbed by pollution and how they influence climate regionally and globally. (AU)

Scientific publications

(36)

(References retrieved automatically from Web of Science and SciELO through information on FAPESP grants and their corresponding numbers as mentioned in the publications by the authors)

SHRIVASTAVA, MANISH; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; ARTAXO, PAULO; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; BERG, LARRY K.; BRITO, JOEL; CHING, JOSEPH; EASTER, RICHARD C.; FAN, JIWEN; FAST, JEROME D.; FENG, ZHE; FUENTES, JOSE D.; GLASIUS, MARIANNE; GOLDSTEIN, ALLEN H.; ALVES, ELIANE GOMES; GOMES, HELBER; GU, DASA; GUENTHER, ALEX; JATHAR, SHANTANU H.; KIM, SAEWUNG; LIU, YING; LOU, SIJIA; MARTIN, SCOT T.; MCNEILL, V. FAYE; MEDEIROS, ADAN; DE SA, SUZANE S.; SHILLING, JOHN E.; SPRINGSTON, STEPHEN R.; SOUZA, R. A. F.; THORNTON, JOEL A.; ISAACMAN-VANWERTZ, GABRIEL; YEE, LINDSAY D.; YNOUE, RITA; ZAVERI, RAHUL A.; ZELENYUK, ALLA; ZHAO, CHUN. Urban pollution greatly enhances formation of natural aerosols over the Amazon rainforest. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, v. 10, MAR 5 2019. Web of Science Citations: 0.

TUET, WING Y.; LIU, FOBANG; ALVES, NILMARA DE OLIVEIRA; FOK, SHIERLY; ARTAXO, PAULO; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA; CHAMPION, JULIE A.; NG, NGA L. Chemical Oxidative Potential and Cellular Oxidative Stress from Open Biomass Burning Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, v. 6, n. 3, p. 126-132, MAR 2019. Web of Science Citations: 0.

ZINNER, TOBIAS; SCHWARZ, ULRICH; KOELLING, TOBIAS; EWALD, FLORIAN; JAEKEL, EVELYN; MAYER, BERNHARD; WENDISCH, MANFRED. Cloud geometry from oxygen-A-band observations through an aircraft side window. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, v. 12, n. 2, p. 1167-1181, FEB 25 2019. Web of Science Citations: 1.

ROSARIO, NILTON E.; SAUINI, THAMARA; PAULIQUEVIS, THEOTONIO; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; YAMASOE, MARCIA A.; BARJA, BORIS. Aerosol optical depth retrievals in central Amazonia from a multi-filter rotating shadow-band radiometer calibrated on-site. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, v. 12, n. 2, p. 921-934, FEB 11 2019. Web of Science Citations: 0.

MALAVELLE, FLORENT F.; HAYWOOD, JIM M.; MERCADO, LINA M.; FOLBERTH, GERD A.; BELLOUIN, NICOLAS; SITCH, STEPHEN; ARTAXO, PAULO. Studying the impact of biomass burning aerosol radiative and climate effects on the Amazon rainforest productivity with an Earth system model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 19, n. 2, p. 1301-1326, JAN 31 2019. Web of Science Citations: 0.

CHINA, SWARUP; BURROWS, SUSANNAH M.; WANG, BINGBING; HARDER, TRISTAN H.; WEIS, JOHANNES; TANARHTE, MERYEM; RIZZO, V, LUCIANA; BRITO, JOEL; CIRINO, GLAUBER G.; MA, PO-LUN; CLIFF, JOHN; ARTAXO, PAULO; GILLES, MARY K.; LASKIN, ALEXANDER. Fungal spores as a source of sodium salt particles in the Amazon basin. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, v. 9, NOV 19 2018. Web of Science Citations: 0.

SCHULZ, CHRISTIANE; SCHNEIDER, JOHANNES; HOLANDA, BRUNA AMORIM; APPEL, OLIVER; COSTA, ANJA; DE SA, SUZANE S.; DREILING, VOLKER; FUETTERER, DANIEL; JURKAT-WITSCHAS, TINA; KLIMACH, THOMAS; KNOTE, CHRISTOPH; KRAEMER, MARTINA; MARTIN, SCOT T.; MERTES, STEPHAN; POEHLKER, MIRA L.; SAUER, DANIEL; VOIGT, CHRISTIANE; WALSER, ADRIAN; WEINZIERL, BERNADETT; ZIEREIS, HELMUT; ZOEGER, MARTIN; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; ARTAXO, PAULO; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T.; POESCHL, ULRICH; WENDISCH, MANFRED; BORRMANN, STEPHAN. Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 20, p. 14979-15001, OCT 18 2018. Web of Science Citations: 0.

CIRINO, GLAUBER; BRITO, JOEL; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; RIZZO, LUCIANA V.; TUNVED, PETER; DE SA, SUZANE S.; JIMENEZ, JOSE L.; PALM, BRETT B.; CARBONE, SAMARA; LAVRIC, JOST V.; SOUZA, RODRIGO A. F.; WOLFF, STEFAN; WALTER, DAVID; TOTA, JULIO; OLIVEIRA, MARIA B. L.; MARTIN, SCOT T.; ARTAXO, PAULO. Observations of Manaus urban plume evolution and interaction with biogenic emissions in GoAmazon 2014/5. Atmospheric Environment, v. 191, p. 513-524, OCT 2018. Web of Science Citations: 2.

WIMMER, DANIELA; MAZON, STEPHANY BUENROSTRO; MANNINEN, HANNA ELINA; KANGASLUOMA, JUHA; FRANCHIN, ALESSANDRO; NIEMINEN, TUOMO; BACKMAN, JOHN; WANG, JIAN; KUANG, CHONGAI; KREJCI, RADOVAN; BRITO, JOEL; MORAIS, FERNANDO GONCALVES; MARTIN, SCOT TURNBULL; ARTAXO, PAULO; KULMALA, MARKKU; KERMINEN, VELI-MATTI; PETAJA, TUUKKA. Ground-based observation of clusters and nucleation-mode particles in the Amazon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 17, p. 13245-13264, SEP 14 2018. Web of Science Citations: 3.

DE SA, SUZANE S.; PALM, BRETT B.; CAMPUZANO-JOST, PEDRO; DAY, DOUGLAS A.; HU, WEIWEI; ISAACMAN-VANWERTZ, GABRIEL; YEE, LINDSAY D.; BRITO, JOEL; CARBONE, SAMARA; RIBEIRO, IGOR O.; CIRINO, GLAUBER G.; LIU, YINGJUN; THALMAN, RYAN; SEDLACEK, ARTHUR; FUNK, AARON; SCHUMACHER, COURTNEY; SHILLING, JOHN E.; SCHNEIDER, JOHANNES; ARTAXO, PAULO; GOLDSTEIN, ALLEN H.; SOUZA, RODRIGO A. F.; WANG, JIAN; MCKINNEY, KARENA A.; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE; ALEXANDER, M. LIZABETH; JIMENEZ, JOSE L.; MARTIN, SCOT T. Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 16, p. 12185-12206, AUG 23 2018. Web of Science Citations: 4.

SHILLING, JOHN E.; PEKOUR, MIKHAIL S.; FORTNER, EDWARD C.; ARTAXO, PAULO; DE SA, SUZANE; HUBBE, JOHN M.; LONGO, KARLA M.; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T.; MARTIN, SCOT T.; SPRINGSTON, STEPHEN R.; TOMLINSON, JASON; WANG, JIAN. Aircraft observations of the chemical composition and aging of aerosol in the Manaus urban plume during GoAmazon 2014/5. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 14, p. 10773-10797, JUL 30 2018. Web of Science Citations: 3.

POHLKER, MIRA L.; DITAS, FLORIAN; SATURNO, JORGE; KLIMACH, THOMAS; DE ANGELIS, ISABELLA HRABE; ARAUJO, ALESSANDRO C.; BRITO, JOEL; CARBONE, SAMARA; CHENG, YAFANG; CHI, XUGUANG; DITZ, REINER; GUNTHE, SACHIN S.; HOLANDA, BRUNA A.; KANDLER, KONRAD; KESSELMEIER, JURGEN; KOENEMANN, TOBIAS; KRUEGER, OVID O.; LAVRIC, JOST V.; MARTIN, SCOT T.; MIKHAILOV, EUGENE; MORAN-ZULOAGA, DANIEL; RIZZO, LUCIANA V.; ROSE, DIANA; SU, HANG; THALMAN, RYAN; WALTER, DAVID; WANG, JIAN; WOLFF, STEFAN; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; ARTAXO, PAULO; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; POESCHL, ULRICH; POEHLKER, CHRISTOPHER. Long-term observations of cloud condensation nuclei over the Amazon rain forest - Part 2: Variability and characteristics of biomass burning, long-range transport, and pristine rain forest aerosols. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 14, p. 10289-10331, JUL 19 2018. Web of Science Citations: 4.

RIZZO, LUCIANA VARANDA; ROLDIN, PONTUS; BRITO, JOEL; BACKMAN, JOHN; SWIETLICKI, ERIK; KREJCI, RADOVAN; TUNVED, PETER; PETAJA, TUKKA; KULMALA, MARKKU; ARTAXO, PAULO. Multi-year statistical and modeling analysis of submicrometer aerosol number size distributions at a rain forest site in Amazonia. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 14, p. 10255-10274, JUL 19 2018. Web of Science Citations: 2.

KRISNA, TRISMONO C.; WENDISCH, MANFRED; EHRLICH, ANDRE; JAEKEL, EVELYN; FRANK, WERNER A.; WEIGEL, RALF; BORRMANN, STEPHAN; MAHNKE, CHRISTOPH; POESCHL, ULRICH; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; VOIGT, CHRISTIANE; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T. Comparing airborne and satellite retrievals of cloud optical thickness and particle effective radius using a spectral radiance ratio technique: two case studies for cirrus and deep convective clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 18, n. 7, p. 4439-4462, APR 3 2018. Web of Science Citations: 2.

DE OLIVEIRA GALVAO, MARCOS FELIPE; ALVES, NILMARA DE OLIVEIRA; FERREIRA, PAULA ANASTACIA; CAUMO, SOFIA; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA DE CASTRO; ARTAXO, PAULO; HACON, SANDRA DE SOUZA; ROUBICEK, DEBORAH ARNSDORFF; BATISTUZZO DE MEDEIROS, SILVIA REGINA. Biomass burning particles in the Brazilian Amazon region: Mutagenic effects of nitro and oxy-PAHs and assessment of health risks. Environmental Pollution, v. 233, p. 960-970, FEB 2018. Web of Science Citations: 7.

FAN, JIWEN; ROSENFELD, DANIEL; ZHANG, YUWEI; GIANGRANDE, SCOTT E.; LI, ZHANQING; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T.; MARTIN, SCOT T.; YANG, YAN; WANG, JIAN; ARTAXO, PAULO; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; BRAGA, RAMON C.; COMSTOCK, JENNIFER M.; FENG, ZHE; GAO, WENHUA; GOMES, HELBER B.; MEI, FAN; POEHLKER, CHRISTOPHER; POEHLKER, MIRA L.; POESCHL, ULRICH; DE SOUZA, RODRIGO A. F. Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles. Science, v. 359, n. 6374, p. 411+, JAN 26 2018. Web of Science Citations: 27.

THALMAN, RYAN; DE SA, SUZANE S.; PALM, BRETT B.; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; POEHLKER, MIRA L.; ALEXANDER, M. LIZABETH; BRITO, JOEL; CARBONE, SAMARA; CASTILLO, PAULO; DAY, DOUGLAS A.; KUANG, CHONGAI; MANZI, ANTONIO; NG, NGA LEE; SEDLACEK, III, ARTHUR J.; SOUZA, RODRIGO; SPRINGSTON, STEPHEN; WATSON, THOMAS; POEHLKER, CHRISTOPHER; POESCHL, ULRICH; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; ARTAXO, PAULO; JIMENEZ, JOSE L.; MARTIN, SCOT T.; WANG, JIAN. CCN activity and organic hygroscopicity of aerosols downwind of an urban region in central Amazonia: seasonal and diel variations and impact of anthropogenic emissions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 17, n. 19, p. 11779-11801, OCT 5 2017. Web of Science Citations: 17.

ALVES, NILMARA DE OLIVEIRA; VESSONI, ALEXANDRE TEIXEIRA; QUINET, ANNABEL; FORTUNATO, RODRIGO SOARES; KAJITANI, GUSTAVO SATORU; PEIXOTO, MILENA SIMOES; HACON, SANDRA DE SOUZA; ARTAXO, PAULO; SALDIVA, PAULO; MARTINS MENCK, CARLOS FREDERICO; BATISTUZZO DE MEDEIROS, SILVIA REGINA. Biomass burning in the Amazon region causes DNA damage and cell death in human lung cells. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, v. 7, SEP 7 2017. Web of Science Citations: 8.

CECCHINI, MICAEL A.; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T.; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; MARTIN, SCOT T.; ALBRECHT, RACHEL I.; ARTAXO, PAULO; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; BORRMANN, STEPHAN; FUETTERER, DANIEL; JURKAT, TINA; MAHNKE, CHRISTOPH; MINIKIN, ANDREAS; MOLLEKER, SERGEJ; POEHLKER, MIRA L.; POESCHL, ULRICH; ROSENFELD, DANIEL; VOIGT, CHRISTIANE; WEINZIERL, BERNADETT; WENDISCH, MANFRED. Sensitivities of Amazonian clouds to aerosols and updraft speed. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 17, n. 16, p. 10037-10050, AUG 28 2017. Web of Science Citations: 6.

JAEKEL, EVELYN; WENDISCH, MANFRED; KRISNA, TRISMONO C.; EWALD, FLORIAN; KOELLING, TOBIAS; JURKAT, TINA; VOIGT, CHRISTIANE; CECCHINI, MICAEL A.; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T.; AFCHINE, ARMIN; COSTA, ANJA; KRAEMER, MARTINA; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; POESCHL, ULRICH; ROSENFELD, DANIEL; YUAN, TIANLE. Vertical distribution of the particle phase in tropical deep convective clouds as derived from cloud-side reflected solar radiation measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 17, n. 14, p. 9049-9066, JUL 27 2017. Web of Science Citations: 5.

SALVO, ALBERTO; BRITO, JOEL; ARTAXO, PAULO; GEIGER, FRANZ M. Reduced ultrafine particle levels in Sao Paulo's atmosphere during shifts from gasoline to ethanol use. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, v. 8, JUL 18 2017. Web of Science Citations: 5.

GOUVEIA, DIEGO A.; BARJA, BORIS; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; SEIFERT, PATRIC; BAARS, HOLGER; PAULIQUEVIS, THEOTONIO; ARTAXO, PAULO. Optical and geometrical properties of cirrus clouds in Amazonia derived from 1 year of ground-based lidar measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 17, n. 5, p. 3619-3636, MAR 15 2017. Web of Science Citations: 4.

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WENDISCH, MANFRED; POESCHL, ULRICH; ANDREAE, MEINRAT O.; MACHADO, LUIZ A. T.; ALBRECHT, RACHEL; SCHLAGER, HANS; ROSENFELD, DANIEL; MARTIN, SCOT T.; ABDELMOMONEM, AHMED; AFCHINE, ARMIN; ARAUJO, ALESSANDRO C.; ARTAXO, PAULO; AUFMHOFF, HEINFRIED; BARBOSA, HENRIQUE M. J.; BORRMANN, STEPHAN; BRAGA, RAMOMON; BUCHHOLZ, BERNHARD; CECCHINI, MICAEL AMOMORE; COSTA, ANJA; CURTIUS, JOACHIM; DOLLNER, MAXIMILIAN; DORF, MARCEL; DREILING, VOLKER; EBERT, VOLKER; EHRLICH, ANDRE; EWALD, FLORIAN; FISCH, GILBERTO; FIX, ANDREAS; FRANK, FABIAN; FUTTERER, DANIEL; HECKL, CHRISTOPOPHER; HEIDELBERG, FABIAN; HUENEKE, TILMAN; JAKEL, EVELYN; JARVINEN, EMMMMA; JURKAT, TINA; KANTER, SANDRA; KAESTNER, UDO; KENNTNER, MAREIKE; KESSELMEIER, JURGEN; KLIMACH, THOMOMAS; KNECHT, MATTHIAS; KOHL, REBECCA; KOELLING, TOBIAS; KRAEMER, MARTINA; KRUEGER, MIRA; KRISNA, TRISMOMONO CANDRA; LAVRIC, JOST V.; LONGO, KARLA; MAHNKE, CHRISTOPOPH; MANZI, ANTONIO O.; MAYER, BERNHARD; MERTES, STEPHAN; MINIKIN, ANDREAS; MOLLEKER, SERGEJ; MUNCH, STEFFEN; NILLIUS, BJORN; PFEILSTICKER, KLAUS; POHLKER, CHRISTOPOPHER; ROIGER, ANKE; ROSE, DIANA; ROSENOWOW, DAGMAR; SAUER, DANIEL; SCHNAITER, MARTIN; SCHNEIDER, JOHANNES; SCHULZ, CHRISTIANE; DE SOUZA, RODRIGO A. F.; SPANU, ANTONIO; STOCK, PAUL; VILA, DANIEL; VOIGT, CHRISTIANE; WALSER, ADRIAN; WALTER, DAVID; WEIGEL, RALF; WEINZIERL, BERNADETT; WERNER, FRANK; YAMASOE, MARCIA A.; ZIEREIS, HELMUMUT; ZINNER, TOBIAS; ZOEGER, MARTIN. ACRIDICON-CHUVA CAMPAIGN Studying Tropical Deep Convective Clouds and Precipitation over Amazonia Using the New German Research Aircraft HALO. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, v. 97, n. 10, p. 1885-1908, OCT 2016. Web of Science Citations: 44.

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