Epidemiological study of coffee consumption, its contribution to the intake of polyphenols and their potential effects in cardiovascular risk factors, considering individual genetic variations

Author(s)

Andreia Alexandra Machado Miranda

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP/CIR)
• Defense date: 2017-12-05

Examining board members

Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni; Cristiane Cominetti; Semíramis Martins Álvares Domene; Alessandra Carvalho Goulart; Rosângela Alves Pereira

• Advisor: Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni

Abstract

Introduction: Coffee is one of the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages in Brazil and the Western world, which explains the great interest of the researchers. Among the various substances present in the coffee composition, polyphenols are noteworthy. Some studies have verified the physiological effects of these bioactive substances on human health, especially in cardiovascular diseases. However, the results are still conflicting and inconclusive. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of coffee consumption and its contribution in the intake of polyphenols, to investigate the association of coffee consumption with cardiovascular risk factors, and to analyze the interaction between genetic polymorphisms and coffee in blood pressure (BP), in a representative sample of adult and older adults of the city of São Paulo. Methods: Data come from the cross-sectional population-based study ISA-Capital 2008 and the polyphenol database Phenol-Explorer version 3.5. For the present study, we included adults and older adultas, of both sexes, living in the urban area of the São Paulo city. Dietary intake was estimated by two 24-hour dietary recalls. Socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle data were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected after a 12-hour fasting for biochemical analysis and blood pressure (BP), weight, height were measured. The analytes analysed were plasma homocysteine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and plasma fractions (HDL-c and LDL-c). Genotyping was performed using the PCR-allele-specific technique. Genetic polymorphisms involved in caffeine metabolism, coffee consumption and BP-related were identified. The following polymorphisms associated with BP [CYP1A1/CYP1A2 (rs2470893), CYP1A1/CYP1A2 (rs2472297), CPLX3/ULK3 (rs6495122), MTHFR (rs17367504)], were selected and obtained from the genome wide association studies (GWAS). Subsequently, a genetic risk score (GRS) for BP was calculated based on these polymorphisms, which ranged from zero to eight points, according to the number of risk alleles. All analyses were performed with Stata® and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The coffee consumption mean in the residents of São Paulo city was approximately 140 mL/day, and this beverage contributed with 70.5 per cent of the total polyphenol intake. After multiple logistic regression analysis, an inverse association between moderate coffee consumption and some of the cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) was observed. The individuals who drank 13 cups of coffee/day reduced the odds of elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) (OR= 0.45; 95 per cent CI= 0.26, 0.78), elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (OR= 0.44; 95 per cent CI= 0.20, 0.98), and hyperhomocysteinemia (OR= 0.32; 95 per cent CI= 0.11, 0.93), when compared to subjects who consumed less than 1 cup/day. Furthermore, coffee consumption may interact with individual genetic predisposition, influencing BP. Individuals with a higher genetic risk score (GRS) appear to have high BP levels (OR= 5.09; 95 per cent CI= 1.32-19.7), related to higher coffee consumption (greater than 3 cups/day). Conclusions: This study suggests that the prevalence of coffee consumption by adult and older adults living in São Paulo is high, which contributes to the majority of the polyphenol intake from the diet. The moderate consumption of this beverage seems to exert a protective effect on CVRF, principally in the regulation of high BP and hyperhomocysteinemia. In addition, there is an interaction between the consumption of this beverage and the GRS for high BP, highlighting the importance of reduce coffee consumption to doses below 3 cups/day, in individuals genetically predisposed to this CV risk factor (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 14/04540-2 - Epidemiological study of coffee consumption, its contribution for polyphenols intake and potential effects on cardiovascular risk factors, considering individual genetic variations
• Grantee: Andreia Alexandra Machado Miranda
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate