By-product recovery from carrot juice processing: extraction of phytochemical compounds, encapsulation and application in biodegradable films

Author(s)

Bruno Stefani Esposto

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: Ribeirão Preto.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC)
• Defense date: 2021-08-25

Examining board members

Milena Martelli Tosi; Odilio Benedito Garrido de Assis; Samantha Cristina de Pinho

• Advisor: Milena Martelli Tosi

Abstract

The main objective of this dissertation was the encapsulation of phytochemical compounds extracted from carrot by-product for the application in chitosan biodegradable films. The phytochemicals were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted technique in which ethanol was utilized as solvent for the simultaneous extraction of total phenolic compounds (CFT) and carotenoids. The optimization of the extraction process was performed using an experimental design with by-product concentration and ultrasound time as independent variables. The extract (E) obtained in the optimal condition was used for the co-encapsulation of CFT and carotenoids in liposomes (L), in liposomes coated with chitosan (LQ), or in liposomes coated with cross-linked chitosan (LQT). The co-encapsulation resulted in encapsulation efficiencies above 75% for all the compounds studied (α-carotene: 76%, β-carotene: 79% and CFT: 86%) with a polydisperse distribution of particle size and positive zeta potential values for LQ and LQT, indicating that the liposomes were coated with chitosan. The stability of the encapsulated compounds was studied according to storage time or high temperatures condition (40 and 70 °C). In general, LQT particles were more efficient in preventing carotenoids and CFT from degradation. The addition of L and LQ in chitosan films resulted in films with evident phase separations, indicating that the application of these particles was not successful due to the particle agglomeration in the film matrix. LQT were added in three different concentrations (50, 60 and 70%) and their incorporation in the chitosan film matrix significantly affected the properties of the film when compared to the control. The active films had some interesting properties such as antioxidant activity and UV/vis light barrier as a result of the presence of phytochemicals. However, they were less resistant, less rigid and more stretchable. Besides, active films also showed higher values of moisture, which implied in an increase in the values of solubility in water and in water vapor permeability. LQT particles are an effective system for the encapsulation of extracts containing polar and non-polar compounds and they can be applied as additives in chitosan matrixes for the production of active films. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 19/05511-0 - Byproducts recovery from carrot juice processing: extraction of phytochemical compounds, encapsulation and application in biodegradable films
• Grantee: Bruno Stefani Esposto
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master