Biosensing strategies for the electrochemical detection of viruses and viral diseases e A review

Author(s)

Brazaca, Lais Canniatti ^{[1, 2]} ; dos Santos, Pamyla Layene ^[3] ; de Oliveira, Paulo Roberto ^[4] ; Rocha, Diego Pessoa ^[5] ; Stefano, Jessica Santos ^{[5, 4]} ; Kalinke, Cristiane ^[6] ; Munoz, Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza ^{[5, 2]} ; Bonacin, Juliano Alves ^[6] ; Janegitz, Bruno Campos ^[4] ; Carrilho, Emanuel ^{[1, 2]}

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Quim Sao Carlos, BR-13566590 Sao Carlos, SP - Brazil

^[2] Inst Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol Bioanalit INCTBio, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP - Brazil

^[3] Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Quim, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC - Brazil

^[4] Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Ciencias Nat Matemat & Educ, BR-13600970 Araras, SP - Brazil

^[5] Univ Fed Uberlandia, Inst Quim, BR-38400902 Uberlandia, MG - Brazil

^[6] Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Quim, BR-13083859 Campinas, SP - Brazil

• Document type: Review article
• Source: Analytica Chimica Acta; v. 1159, MAY 15 2021.
• Web of Science Citations: 0

Abstract

Viruses are the causing agents for many relevant diseases, including influenza, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Its rapid replication and high transmissibility can lead to serious consequences not only to the individual but also to collective health, causing deep economic impacts. In this scenario, diagnosis tools are of significant importance, allowing the rapid, precise, and low-cost testing of a substantial number of individuals. Currently, PCR-based techniques are the gold standard for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Although these allow the diagnosis of different illnesses with high precision, they still present significant drawbacks. Their main disadvantages include long periods for obtaining results and the need for specialized professionals and equipment, requiring the tests to be performed in research centers. In this scenario, biosensors have been presented as promising alternatives for the rapid, precise, low-cost, and on-site diagnosis of viral diseases. This critical review article describes the advancements achieved in the last five years regarding electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral infections. First, genosensors and aptasensors for the detection of virus and the diagnosis of viral diseases are presented in detail regarding probe immobilization approaches, detection methods (label-free and sandwich), and amplification strategies. Following, immunosensors are highlighted, including many different construction strategies such as label-free, sandwich, competitive, and lateral-flow assays. Then, biosensors for the detection of viral-diseases-related biomarkers are presented and discussed, as well as point of care systems and their advantages when compared to traditional techniques. Last, the difficulties of commercializing electrochemical devices are critically discussed in conjunction with future trends such as lab-on-a-chip and flexible sensors. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 18/19750-3 - Exploring C4D detection for the development of innovative and low-cost microfluidic biosensors
• Grantee: Laís Canniatti Brazaca
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 19/00473-2 - Development of 3-dimensional (3D) printed electrochemical biosensors with PLA polymer and graphene for the determination of biomolecules and diagnosis of diseases
• Grantee: Cristiane Kalinke
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 13/22127-2 - Development of novel materials strategic for integrated analytical devices
• Grantee: Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 19/01844-4 - Development of nanostructured electrodes for determination of agrotoxic residues in honey
• Grantee: Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 17/21097-3 - Bee-agriculture interactions: perspectives to sustainable use
• Grantee: Osmar Malaspina
• Support Opportunities: BIOTA-FAPESP Program - Thematic Grants