Prevalence and Factors Associated with Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Residents of Urban Areas of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Author(s)

Sales, Cristiane Hermes ^[1] ; Rogero, Marcelo Macedo ^[1] ; Sarti, Flavia Mori ^[2] ; Fisberg, Regina Mara ^[1]

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, BR-01246904 Sao Paulo - Brazil

^[2] Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Arts Sci & Humanities, BR-03828000 Sao Paulo - Brazil

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: NUTRIENTS; v. 13, n. 6 JUN 2021.
• Web of Science Citations: 0

Abstract

Anemia is a worldwide concern. This cross-sectional population-based study examined the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) among residents of Sao Paulo (n = 898; 12-93 years), considering sociodemographic factors, dietary iron inadequacy, and food contributors to iron intake. Blood cell count and iron biomarkers were quantified. Dietary iron intake was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Iron intake inadequacy was estimated using a probabilistic approach. The prevalence of anemia was 6.7%, depleted iron stores 5.1%, and IDA 1.1%. Women of all age groups, older adults, and those who were underweight or obese had the highest prevalence of anemia, and female adolescents had the highest prevalence of depleted iron stores. Female adolescents and adults were more vulnerable to depleted iron stores. Male adults and older adults had a considerable prevalence of iron overload. Except for female adolescents and adults, all groups had mild probabilities of inadequate iron intake. The main food iron contributor was wheat flour. Hemoglobin concentrations were directly associated with being an adult, having a higher income, and inversely associated with being female. Serum ferritin concentrations were directly associated with age and inversely correlated with female sex. Residents of Sao Paulo had a low prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and IDA, and sociodemographic factors interfered with these parameters. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 19/05685-8 - Iron and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals living in the city of São Paulo: investigating the associations of the genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases
• Grantee: Cristiane Hermes Sales
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 17/05125-7 - Lifestyle, biochemical and genetic markers as cardiometabolic risk factors: Health Survey in São Paulo City
• Grantee: Regina Mara Fisberg
• Support Opportunities: Research Projects - Thematic Grants
• FAPESP's process: 12/22113-9 - Biochemical indicators of micronutrient status and usual intakes of residents from the City of São Paulo - ISA-Capital Survey 2013
• Grantee: Regina Mara Fisberg
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants