| Grant number: | 09/52840-7 |
| Support Opportunities: | Program for Research on Bioenergy (BIOEN) - Thematic Grants |
| Start date: | July 01, 2011 |
| End date: | June 30, 2015 |
| Field of knowledge: | Biological Sciences - Biochemistry |
| Agreement: | CNPq - Cooperation Brazil-European Commission Program in Second Generation Biofuels |
| Principal Investigator: | Igor Polikarpov |
| Grantee: | Igor Polikarpov |
| Host Institution: | Instituto de Física de São Carlos (IFSC). Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Carlos , SP, Brazil |
| Associated research grant(s): | 14/50241-7 - Establishing of a joint X-ray crystallographic pipeline for structural analysis of membrane transporters, AP.R |
| Associated scholarship(s): | 12/22802-9 - Functional and Structural Studies of Carbohydrate Binding Modules of Glycosil Hydrolases, BP.PD |
Abstract
CeProBIO is proposing a model of industrial cellulosic ethanol production capable of integration into existing production arrangements present in developed Brazilian regions that can be next implemented in areas where the agro-industry infrastructure is still being put into effect and consolidated. This innovative model provides a drastic decrease and possibly of even total elimination of the need for any input of fossil fuel through the efficient use of waste, effluents and emissions of the bioethanol production and concomitant production of added-value chemicals. Currently, cellulosic ethanol industrial production is not economically viable. Its economic, environmental and social sustainability can only be achieved through an orchestrated effort of initiatives for fundamental, applied and technological scientific research. For this, the CeProBIO is structured into eight major projects listed above, based in the areas of genetics, genomics, molecular and structural biology, physics, chemistry, bioinformatics and computing, agronomic engineering, microbiology, enzymes, and advanced industrial processes. Thus, the mission of CeProBIO is promoting an integrated multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach. This entails extending traditional areas to allow for an unprecedented synergy between the groups, which is absolutely necessary for solving problems arising from developing the technology needed for large scale second generation biofuels production. The main problem in ethanol production from cellulosic biomass entails dealing with biomass recalcitrance during the hydrolysis process. For efficient conversion of biomass into simple sugars (pentose and hexose) and their co-products (lignin, waxes, etc.), it is essential to know the cell wall physico-chemical composition and structure. In order to acquire these insights, we need first to acquire a deep understanding of plant genetics and genomics. Projects 1 and 2 are focused on these two goals having sugar cane as their main object of study. Project 3 aims to study other types of biomass such as Panicum maximum Jacq, Brachiaria brisantha, Pennisetum purpureum, wood and eucalyptus bark, Sclerolobium paraense Schizolobium amazonicum and their applicability for cellulosic ethanol production. In addition, Project 4 aims to deeply understand the physical and chemical structures of plant cell walls. In addition, this project deals with questions relating to their synthesis and decomposition. Biomass hydrolysis requires the development of better technology especially targeted to optimizing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin enzymatic hydrolysis. This development is dependent on the identification and manipulation of microorganisms (mainly fungi and bacteria), enzymes (exo-and endoglucanase, beta-glycosidases) and other auxiliary proteins identification and characterization, and improvement of biomass pre-treatment and hydrolytic process integration. These studies are part of Project 5. In Project 6, we want to establish and implement advanced technological processes for second generation bioethanol production on an industrial scale, optimizing its basic operations (pre-treatment, enzyme preparations production, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation). Our anticipated outcome is improved performance and added value to the process byproducts. It is part our vision that it is highly beneficial to integrate the first and second-generation cellulosic ethanol production so that it will be possible to continue to use the same loading industrial machinery, mechanical pre-treatment facilities and fermentation and distillation processes of the existing Brazilian first-generation ethanol factories. This also applies to the thermal and electrical systems of the factory. However, we must still resolve several serious scientific and technological challenges. They include pentose fermentation, fermentation inhibition by toxic compounds originating from biomass pre-treatment and optimizing use of by-products from industrial processes, aims which also make part of Project 6. In this project, the vinasse derived from the industrial process will be treated by anaerobic bacterial fermentation to produce biogases fuels (hydrogen, methane) and organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid and others). The latter serve as inputs for biodegradable plastics production and other "green" chemical products. This technology will contribute to improving our model of industrial closed cycle implementation. To better use wastes generated by the fermentation process, we will develop and implement technological processes for biodiesel production by microalgae (Project 7). In this project we aim to develop an industrial photo bioreactor for microalgae cultivation at extremely high concentrations using vinasse and CO2 generated in the bioethanol production process. Although microalgae are able to accumulate up to 70% of its dry weight in fat, their production demands a very massive cultivation area for the large quantities needed of algal biomass production. Therefore, the development of efficient photo bioreactors able to ensure efficient and large algal mass-growth for biodiesel production is a challenging engineering problem. The bioethanol waste recovery utilization in algal biodiesel production stemming from our industrial design will not only reduce fossil fuels use (diesel used in the transport and collection of sugar cane) but it will also reduce the emission of carbon dioxide gas in the first and second generation phases of bioethanol production. It is important to note that technologies for biofuels production from algae biomass may be linked not only to the bioethanol production, but also to several other industrial processes and energy generation (such as thermoelectric, for example). Optimization of enzymatic catalysis in biodiesel production is also part of project 7. Finally, Project 8 studies various aspects of environmental sustainability and socioeconomic issues. These projects are deeply integrated with the sister SUNLIBB proposal from the European Union. Their plan is to improve the biomass quality and the economic efficiency of biomass conversion into biofuels through obtaining more valuable aggregated co-products, improvements in the conversion process (pre-treatment, identification of new enzymatic activities, integrated process development and computational models for biorefineries). In deference to our project, SUNLIBB will also look at the social and economic impact problems arising from industrial cellulosic ethanol production. Their project complementarity will be maintained through choosing different main biomass sources (sugar cane at CeProBIO and miscanthus in SUNLlBB). In each project, joint studies will identify needed enzymes and new enzyme cocktail types required for: 1) pre-treatment and large-scale saccharification processes; 2) analysis of plant cell wall structures; 3) extraction of co-products and most valuable waxes and chemical compounds. (AU)
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