Employment of graphene as sorbent in miniaturized sample preparation techniques.

• Grant number: 15/15462-5
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate
• Start date: January 01, 2016
• End date: November 20, 2017
• Field of knowledge: Physical Sciences and Mathematics - Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry
• Principal Investigator: Fernando Mauro Lanças
• Grantee: Bruno Henrique Fumes
• Host Institution: Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC). Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Carlos , SP, Brazil

Abstract

The use of miniaturized sample preparation techniques has increased considerably; the main reason for this is needs for less solvent amounts than conventional extraction techniques. Among them stand out solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and microextraction by a packed sorbent (MEPS). However to improve this techniques performance and, also, increase applications, it is necessary the development of new materials with good sorptive properties. Among the materials that has been studied, graphene has a featured position due high superficial area, delocalized electrons-À system and easy functionalization through graphene oxide. For these reason this project intends develop analytical methods that use new lab-made devices using these microextraction techniques with graphene as sorbent. There are few studies using graphene in these microextration techniques, main for SBSE (only two publications found), and without publications in MEPS case. During this work is intended to use as model for evaluation of the new systems, development of methods for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in underground and streams waters using SPME fibers coated with graphene. Additionally, it is programed methods development for determination of parabens in river and pools waters using SBSE and MEPS using graphene as sorbent.

Scientific publications

(51)

(References retrieved automatically from Web of Science and SciELO through information on FAPESP grants and their corresponding numbers as mentioned in the publications by the authors)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Graphene particles supported on silica as sorbent for residue analysis of tetracyclines in milk employing microextraction by packed sorbent. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 39, n. 15, SI, p. 2047-2055, AUG 2018. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

FRANCO, MARAISSA SILVA; PADOVAN, RODRIGO NOGUEIRA; FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. An overview of multidimensional liquid phase separations in food analysis. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 37, n. 13, SI, p. 1768-1783, JUL 2016. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS SOARES; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Miniaturized liquid chromatography applied to the analysis of residues and contaminants in food: A review. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 41, n. 20, SI, MAY 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DA SILVA BURATO, JULIANA SOARES; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Recent advances and trends in miniaturized sample preparation techniques. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 43, n. 1, SI, DEC 2019. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOBIESKI NETO, EDUARDO; DOMINGUES NAZARIO, CARLOS EDUARDO; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. New materials in sample preparation: Recent advances and future trends. TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 119, OCT 2019. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOBIESKI, EDUARDO; DOMINGUES NAZARIO, CARLOS EDUARDO; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 1103, p. 11-31, MAR 22 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DE TOFFOLI, ANA L.; FUMES, BRUNO H.; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Packed in-tube solid phase microextraction with graphene oxide supported on aminopropyl silica: Determination of target triazines in water samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMIN, v. 53, n. 7, p. 434-440, 2018. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DOMINGUES NAZARIO, CARLOS EDUARDO; FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; DA SILVA, MEIRE RIBEIRO; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. New materials for sample preparation techniques in bioanalysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES, v. 1043, p. 81-95, FEB 1 2017. (12/22055-9, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9, 15/12306-2)

FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; ANDRADE, MARIANE AISSA; FRANCO, MARAISSA SILVA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. On-line approaches for the determination of residues and contaminants in complex samples. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 40, n. 1, p. 183-202, JAN 2017. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Current status and future trends on automated multidimensional separation techniques employing sorbent-based extraction columns. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 42, n. 1, p. 258-272, JAN 2019. (14/07347-9, 17/02147-0, 15/15462-5)

MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS SOARES; MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; JORDAN-SINISTERRA, MARCELA; DA SILVA, LUIS FELIPE; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. The Current Role of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in the Sample Preparation Arena. FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY, v. 8, AUG 11 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Modified graphene-silica as a sorbent for in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Determination of xanthines in coffee beverages. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1621, JUN 21 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

SARTORE, DOUGLAS M.; MEDINA, DEYBER VARGAS A.; BOCELLI, MARCIO D.; JORDAN-SINISTERRA, MARCELA; SANTOS-NETO, ALVARO J.; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Modern automated microextraction procedures for bioanalytical, environmental, and food analyses. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 46, n. 15, p. 30-pg., 2023-05-26. (17/02147-0, 19/22724-7, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

BOCELLI, MARCIO DAVID; MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO; DOS SANTOS-NETO, ALVARO JOSE. Automated microextraction by packed sorbent of endocrine disruptors in wastewater using a high-throughput robotic platform followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. N/A, p. 12-pg., 2023-08-03. (17/02147-0, 19/22724-7, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

OLIVEIRA, THAIS CAMAROTTO; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Determination of selected herbicides in sugarcane-derived foods by graphene-oxide based disposable pipette extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1687, p. 11-pg., 2023-01-04. (17/02147-0, 19/22724-7, 14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

BORSATTO, JOAO V. B.; MACIEL, EDVALDO V. S.; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Investigation of the applicability of silica-graphene hybrid materials as stationary phases for capillary liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1685, p. 8-pg., 2022-11-04. (17/02147-0, 19/22724-7, 14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

JORDAN-SINISTERRA, MARCELA; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Microextraction by packed sorbent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in brewed coffee samples with a new zwitterionic ionic liquid-modified silica sorbent. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, v. 114, p. 9-pg., 2022-08-27. (14/07347-9, 19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 15/15462-5)

SANTOS, NATALIA G. P.; MEDINA, DEYBER A. V.; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Development of Wall-Coated Open Tubular Columns and Their Application to Nano Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, v. 28, n. 13, p. 15-pg., 2023-07-01. (15/15462-5, 19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 19/26263-4)

MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; LOZADA-BLANCO, ASDRUBAL; RODRIGUEZ, JULIE PAULIN GARCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO; NETO, ALVARO JOSE SANTOS. An open-source smart fraction collector for isocratic preparative liquid chromatography. HARDWAREX, v. 15, p. 16-pg., 2023-08-10. (19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS SOARES; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Miniaturized liquid chromatography applied to the analysis of residues and contaminants in food: A review. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 41, n. 20, p. 14-pg., 2020-05-17. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; BORSATTO, JOAO VICTOR BASSOLLI; MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS SOARES; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 135, FEB 2021. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

BOCELLI, MARCIO DAVID; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; GARCIA RODRIGUEZ, JULIE PAULIN; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO; SANTOS-NETO, ALVARO JOSE. Determination of parabens in wastewater samples via robot-assisted dynamic single-drop microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 43, n. 15, p. 10-pg., 2022-05-26. (17/02147-0, 19/22724-7, 14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; BURATO, JULIANA SOARES DA SILVA; BORSATTO, JOAO VICTOR BASOLLI; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Porous layer open tubular nano liquid chromatography directly coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1674, p. 9-pg., 2022-05-16. (17/02147-0, 19/22724-7, 14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; PEREIRA DOS SANTOS, NATALIA GABRIELLY; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Current prospects on nano liquid chromatography coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry (nanoLC-EI-MS). Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, v. 44, n. 17-20, p. 10-pg., 2022-08-17. (19/26263-4, 19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/03765-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. The role of graphene-based sorbents in modern sample preparation techniques. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 41, n. 1, p. 288-302, JAN 2018. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO V.; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Recent trends in sorption-based sample preparation and liquid chromatography techniques for food analysis. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 39, n. 13, SI, p. 1582-1596, JUL 2018. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

FERREIRA, DEBORA CECATTO; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Online fully automated SPE-HPLC-MS/MS determination of ceftiofur in bovine milk samples employing a silica-anchored ionic liquid as sorbent. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 39, n. 17, p. 2210-2217, SEP 2018. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Evaluation of the tubing material and physical dimensions on the performance of extraction columns for on-line sample preparation-LC-MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1597, p. 18-27, JUL 19 2019. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

FRANCO, MARAISSA S.; PADOVAN, RODRIGO N.; FUMES, BRUNO H.; PALMER, CHRISTOPHER P.; MCGETTRICK, JULIE R.; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Silica modified with polymeric amphiphilic nanoparticles as first dimension for multidimensional separation techniques. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1597, p. 149-158, JUL 19 2019. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9, 15/03998-8)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO V.; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Recent trends in sorption-based sample preparation and liquid chromatography techniques for food analysis. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 39, n. 13, p. 15-pg., 2018-07-01. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Use of graphene supported on aminopropyl silica for microextraction of parabens from water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1487, p. 64-71, MAR 3 2017. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DOS SANTOS, NATALIA GABRIELLY; MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Microextraction by packed sorbent of N-nitrosamines from Losartan tablets using a high-throughput robot platform followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 46, n. 17, p. 13-pg., 2023-07-03. (15/15462-5, 19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 19/26263-4)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; PEREIRA DOS SANTOS, NATALIA GABRIELLY; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Electron ionization mass spectrometry: Quo vadis?. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 43, n. 15, p. 14-pg., 2022-05-20. (19/26263-4, 19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/03765-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DA SILVA BURATO, JULIANA SOARES; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Recent advances and trends in miniaturized sample preparation techniques. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 43, n. 1, p. 24-pg., 2019-12-23. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; PEREIRA DOS SANTOS, NATALIA GABRIELLY; DA SILVA BURATO, JULIANA SOARES; BASOLLI BORSATTO, JOAO VICTOR; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. An overview of open tubular liquid chromatography with a focus on the coupling with mass spectrometry for the analysis of small molecules. Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1641, MAR 29 2021. (19/26263-4, 19/22724-7, 14/07347-9, 17/02147-0, 14/03765-0, 15/15462-5)

DA SILVA BURATO, JULIANA SOARES; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Recent advances and trends in miniaturized sample preparation techniques. JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, v. 43, n. 1, SI, p. 202-225, JAN 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; DA SILVA BURATO, JULIANA SOARES; BASOLLI BORSATTO, JOAO VICTOR; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LACAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry 1. Current trends on miniaturized LC columns. TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 122, JAN 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

VASCONCELOS SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO; MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Evaluation of Two Fully Automated Setups for Mycotoxin Analysis Based on Online Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, v. 25, n. 12, JUN 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 2. Achievements on modern instrumentation for miniaturized liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 128, JUL 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9, 19/22724-7)

MEJIA-CARMONA, KAREN; JORDAN-SINISTERRA, MARCELA; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. Current Trends in Fully Automated On-Line Analytical Techniques for Beverage Analysis. BEVERAGES, v. 5, n. 1, MAR 2019. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

DA SILVA, LUIS FELIPE; VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Automated needle-sleeve based online hyphenation of solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography. Talanta, v. 221, JAN 1 2021. (14/07347-9, 14/03765-0, 15/15462-5, 17/02147-0, 19/22724-7)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; ALVES, JUSSARA DA SILVA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Employing a Graphene Oxide Capillary Column as the First Dimension: Determination of Antidepressant and Antiepileptic Drugs in Urine. Molecules, v. 25, n. 5, MAR 1 2020. (17/02147-0, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; DE TOFFOLI, ANA LUCIA; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Graphene particles supported on silica as sorbent for residue analysis of tetracyclines in milk employing microextraction by packed sorbent. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 39, n. 15, p. 9-pg., 2018-08-01. (14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

ANDRADE, FELIPE N.; SANTOS-NETO, ALVARO JOSE; MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY V.; LANCAS, FERNANDO M.. A molecularly imprinted polymer for microextraction by packed sorbent of sulfonylureas herbicides from corn samples. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, v. 121, p. 7-pg., 2023-05-12. (15/15462-5, 11/09898-4, 19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 13/17425-4)

FRANCO, MARAISSA SILVA; PADOVAN, RODRIGO NOGUEIRA; FUMES, BRUNO HENRIQUE; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. An overview of multidimensional liquid phase separations in food analysis. ELECTROPHORESIS, v. 37, n. 13, p. 16-pg., 2016-07-01. (15/15462-5, 14/07347-9)

VARGAS MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY; SOARES MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 3. Achievements on chip-based LC-MS devices. TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. 131, OCT 2020. (19/22724-7, 14/03765-0, 15/15462-5, 17/02147-0, 14/07347-9)

MARINS, LINCON COUTINHO; MONTEIRO, ALESSANDRA MAFFEI; LEAL, VIVANE LOPES; MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; CARDENAS, EDWIN MARTIN; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. A Compact Instrument for Temperature-Programming-Assisted Capillary-Nanoliquid Chromatography. SEPARATIONS, v. 12, n. 1, p. 17-pg., 2025-01-01. (19/22724-7, 19/26263-4, 15/15462-5, 14/07347-9, 17/02147-0)

OLIVEIRA, THAIS CAMAROTTO; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Determination of selected herbicides employed in sugarcane crops by disposable pipette tip (DPX) extraction followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, v. 44, n. 17-20, p. 8-pg., 2022-08-22. (17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 19/22724-7, 15/15462-5)

DA SILVA BURATO, JULIANA SOARES; BASOLLI BORSATTO, JOAO VICTOR; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Practical aspects of preparation, optimization, and evaluation of poly (styrene-divinylbenzene)porous-layer open tubular (PLOT) columns for capillary liquid chromatography. Talanta, v. 253, p. 7-pg., 2023-02-01. (17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 19/22724-7, 15/15462-5)

MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; SARTORE, DOUGLAS MORISUE; MACIEL, EDVALDO VASCONCELOS SOARES; SANTOS-NETO, ALVARO JOSE; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Microextraction columns for automated sample preparation. A review focusing on fully miniaturized column switching and bioanalytical applications. ADVANCES IN SAMPLE PREPARATION, v. 3, p. 12-pg., 2022-08-01. (19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 14/07347-9, 15/15462-5)

DOS SANTOS, NATALIA GABRIELLY PEREIRA; MEDINA, DEYBER ARLEY VARGAS; LANCAS, FERNANDO MAURO. Water as a green solvent for sustainable sample preparation: single drop microextraction of N-nitrosamines from losartan tablets. ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, v. N/A, p. 10-pg., 2024-08-10. (19/22724-7, 17/02147-0, 15/15462-5)

Academic Publications

(References retrieved automatically from State of São Paulo Research Institutions)

FUMES, Bruno Henrique. Employment of graphene based sorbents in modern sample preparation techniques. 2018. Doctoral Thesis - Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Química de São Carlos (IQSC/BT) São Carlos.