Green Extraction Approaches for Carotenoids and Esters: Characterization of Native Composition from Orange Peel

Author(s)

Murador, Daniella C. ^[1] ; Salafia, Fabio ^[2] ; Zoccali, Mariosimone ^[3] ; Martins, Paula L. G. ^[4] ; Ferreira, Antonio G. ^[5] ; Dugo, Paola ^{[2, 6, 7, 8]} ; Mondello, Luigi ^{[2, 6, 7, 8]} ; de Rosso, Veridiana V. ^[1] ; Giuffrida, Daniele ^[9]

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Biosci Dept, Rua Silva Jardin 136, BR-11015020 Santos, SP - Brazil

^[2] Univ Messina, Dept Chem Biol Pharmaceut & Environm Sci, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina - Italy

^[3] Univ Messina, Dept Math & Comp Sci, Phys Sci & Earth Sci, I-98168 Messina - Italy

^[4] Fed Inst Sao Paulo, Av Clara Gianotti Souza 5180, BR-11900000 Registro - Brazil

^[5] Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Chem Dept, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP - Brazil

^[6] Univ Messina, Dept Chem Biol Pharmaceut & Environm Sci, Chromaleont Srl, I-98166 Messina - Italy

^[7] Univ Messina, Dept Chem Biol Pharmaceut & Environm Sci, BeSep Srl, I-98166 Messina - Italy

^[8] Univ Campus Biomed Rome, Unit Food Sci & Nutr, Dept Med, I-00128 Rome - Italy

^[9] Univ Messina, Dept Biomed Dent Morphol & Funct Imaging Sci, Via Consolare Valeria, I-98125 Messina - Italy

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: ANTIOXIDANTS; v. 8, n. 12 DEC 2019.
• Web of Science Citations: 0

Abstract

Orange peel is a by-product produced in large amounts that acts as a source of natural pigments such as carotenoids. Xanthophylls, the main carotenoid class found in citrus fruit, can be present in its free form or esterified with fatty acids, forming esters. This esterification modifies the compound's chemical properties, affecting their bioavailability in the human body, and making it important to characterize the native carotenoid composition of food matrices. We aimed to evaluate the non-saponified carotenoid extracts of orange peel (cv. Pera) obtained using alternative green approaches: extraction with ionic liquid (IL), analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), followed by supercritical fluid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection (SFC-APCI/QqQ/MS) in an online system. Both alternative green methods were successfully applied, allowing the total identification of five free carotenoids, one apocarotenoid, seven monoesters, and 11 diesters in the extract obtained with IL and analyzed by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS, and nine free carotenoids, six carotenoids esters, 19 apocarotenoids, and eight apo-esters with the SFE-SFC-APCI/QqQ/MS approach, including several free apocarotenoids and apocarotenoid esters identified for the first time in oranges, and particularly in the Pera variety, which could be used as a fruit authenticity parameter. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 17/20861-1 - Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents for Achievement of Carotenoids from Orange Peel and its Characterization
• Grantee: Daniella Carisa Murador
• Support type: Scholarships abroad - Research Internship - Doctorate
• FAPESP's process: 15/26789-5 - Ionic Liquids As Green Extractors for Achievement of Carotenoids from Orange Peel
• Grantee: Daniella Carisa Murador
• Support type: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate
• FAPESP's process: 16/18910-1 - Ionic Liquids as Green Extractors for Achievement of Carotenoids: Study of Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activit
• Grantee: Veridiana Vera de Rosso
• Support type: Regular Research Grants