São Paulo Metropolitan Area, jointly tracking climate change and air quality - METROCLIMA-MASP

• Grant number: 16/18438-0
• Support Opportunities: Research Program on Global Climate Change - Thematic Grants
• Start date: February 01, 2019
• End date: January 31, 2025
• Field of knowledge: Physical Sciences and Mathematics - Geosciences - Meteorology
• Principal Investigator: Maria de Fátima Andrade
• Grantee: Maria de Fátima Andrade
• Host Institution: Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG). Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo , SP, Brazil
• Pesquisadores principais: Eduardo Landulfo ; Márcia Akemi Yamasoe ; Pérola de Castro Vasconcellos
• Associated researchers: Adelaide Cassia Nardocci ; Beatriz Sayuri Oyama ; Charles Jones ; Daniel Waldvogel Thomé da Silva ; Edmilson Dias de Freitas ; Eric Adam Kort ; Fábio Luiz Teixeira Gonçalves ; Guilherme Martins Pereira ; Guy Brasseur ; Helber Custódio de Freitas ; Henrique de Melo Jorge Barbosa ; Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha ; Jorge Alberto Martins ; José Agostinho Gonçalves de Medeiros ; José Vanderlei Martins ; Leila Droprinchinski Martins ; Leila Maria Vespoli de Carvalho ; Luciana Varanda Rizzo ; Marco Aurélio de Menezes Franco ; Mariana Abrantes Giannotti ; Mario Eduardo Gavidia Calderon ; Marly Babinski ; Nilton Manuel Évora do Rosário ; Paulo Eduardo Artaxo Netto ; Pedro Jose Perez-Martinez ; Prashant Kumar ; Regina Maura de Miranda ; Ricardo Ivan Ferreira da Trindade ; Rita Yuri Ynoue ; Samara Carbone ; Taciana Toledo de Almeida Albuquerque ; Thiago Nogueira ; Yang Zhang
• Associated research grant(s): 24/20301-0 - Multi-user equipment to be acquired in the METROCLIMA project, 2016/18438-0: system to be used in the analysis of CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere, AP.EMU; 24/09038-5 - Assembly and field testing of a Lidar System for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Emissions in Flares and Combustion Efficiency Assessment, AV.EXT; 22/02365-5 - Informed greening of cities for urban cooling (GreenCities), AP.R; 19/08875-2 - Exploring research opportunities between air quality modeling and artificial intelligence, AP.R SPRINT
• Associated scholarship(s): 24/17857-6 - Impact of meteorological conditions on source apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Sao Paulo city, BP.MS; 24/01021-6 - "ANALYSIS OF CO2 CONCENTRATIONS AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS SOURCES FROM CARBON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS C-13 (´ 13 C-CO2) AND C-14 (”14 C-CO2) IN THE METROPOLITAN REGION OF SÃO PAULO (RMSP)", BP.DR; 23/07856-0 - Advancement of the São Paulo greenhouse gas Network of Metroclima, BP.PD; + associated scholarships 22/10792-0 - Impact of the use of biofuels and biomass on the formation of ultrafine particles in southeastern Brazil, BP.DR; 22/12686-3 - Estimation of the Emission Potential of Greenhouse Gases in São Paulo from the METROCLIMA Network, BP.PD; 22/02609-1 - Impact of wildfires and other sources of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, BP.DD; 21/10446-2 - Database management and machine learning for METROCLIMA project, BP.TT; 21/12442-4 - Caracterization of organic compounds on aerosols colected in São Paulo during dry season (2019), BP.IC; 21/07136-1 - Emissions inventory of greenhouse gases from transport, dispersion in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, BP.PD; 21/05144-7 - Evaluation of the potential of methane in the chain of greenhouse gas emissions in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, BP.IC; 20/07674-0 - Toxicity of particulate matter with the evaluation of oxidative potential and its effect on premature renal aging in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, BP.DR; 21/05193-8 - Temporal variation of CO2 in the Sao Paulo Megacity in the Metroclima project: Pico do Jaraguá and ICESP Stations, BP.IC; 21/05422-7 - Analysis of CO2 data from the IAG-USP and UNICID Stations from Metroclima Project, BP.IC; 20/08505-8 - Vehicular emission impacts on the population at the city of São Paulo, BP.DD; 19/27079-2 - Retrieval of column averaged abundances of CO2 and CH4 using a portable FTIR spectrometer at São Paulo Metropolitan Area, BP.PD; 19/16885-8 - Source appontment of PM10 and PM2.5 in São Paulo, BP.PD; 19/09879-1 - Elderly mortality related to heat waves in the capitals of Brazil: an analysis in the present and future projections in the climate change scenarios, BP.DD; 19/17304-9 - Data management system, integration platform, and quick view, BP.TT - associated scholarships

Abstract

Urban areas are expanding in all parts of the world, and are recognized as important atmospheric sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) and of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP). The SLCP are the gases and particulates that are also responsible for global warming not caused by the CO2 and that have atmospheric lifetime of less than 20 years. The emissions, fate and atmospheric concentrations of these species will be affected by the climate change (expected modification of temperature and humidity), and specifically by the atmospheric temperature, and by extreme hydrometeorological events. A drastic reduction of greenhouse gas and other climate pollutants emission is required to attain the objectives highlighted by the COP21 agreement. The impact on climate of the megacities and urban conglomerates is well established since a large fraction of emissions takes place in these populated areas. In fact, urban areas constitute also a major source of air pollutants (related to energy production and consumption, transport and waste disposal). One of the challenges is to find win-win strategies by which one improves air quality while limiting anthropogenic climate forcing. São Paulo is the most important megacity in South America and can therefore be considered as a laboratory for an integrated assessment of the impact on the atmosphere of the sources of GHG (CO2, N2O, CH4) and of other radiative active species, the SLCP. Here, we will focus our attention on the black carbon, methane and tropospheric ozone, constituents of the SLCP and on the feedback of the climate change on air quality. To evaluate the climate impacts of the São Paulo Megacity emissions, the first step is to assess the sources of GHG and SLCP. All current information on GHG emissions is based on bottom-up estimates performed from the extrapolation of limited flux observations and economic information. These estimated emissions have never been verified or reconciled with surface observations of species concentrations and/or with remote sensing atmospheric data. To achieve the objectives of developing an emission inventory of GHG and SLCP, surface measurements, flux measurements and satellite data will be used to evaluate the impact of the São Paulo Megacity. (AU)

Scientific publications

(33)

(References retrieved automatically from Web of Science and SciELO through information on FAPESP grants and their corresponding numbers as mentioned in the publications by the authors)

PEDRUZZI, RIZZIERI; ANDREAO, WILLIAN LEMKER; BAEK, BOK HAENG; HUDKE, ANDERSON PAULO; GLOTFELTY, TIMOTHY WILLIAM; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS; MARTINS, JORGE ALBERTO; BOWDEN, JARED H.; PINTO, JANAINA ANTONINO; ALONSO, MARCELO FELIX; et al. Update of land use/land cover and soil texture for Brazil: Impact on WRF modeling results over Sao Paulo. Atmospheric Environment, v. 268, JAN 1 2022. (16/18438-0)

GAVIDIA-CALDERON, MARIO EDUARDO; IBARRA-ESPINOSA, SERGIO; KIM, YOUNGSEOB; ZHANG, YANG; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA. Simulation of O-3 and NOx in Sao Paulo street urban canyons with VEIN (v0.2.2) and MUNICH (v1.0). Geoscientific Model Development, v. 14, n. 6, p. 3251-3268, JUN 3 2021. (16/18438-0)

NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; KAMIGAUTI, LEONARDO YOSHIAKI; PEREIRA, GUILHERME MARTINS; GAVIDIA-CALDERON, MARIO E.; IBARRA-ESPINOSA, SERGIO; DE OLIVEIRA, GUILHERME LIBRETE; DE MIRANDA, REGINA MAURA; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA DE CASTRO; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA. Evolution of Vehicle Emission Factors in a Megacity Affected by Extensive Biofuel Use: Results of Tunnel Measurements in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 55, n. 10, p. 6677-6687, MAY 18 2021. (17/17047-0, 19/01316-8, 16/18438-0, 18/07848-9)

SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS EDUARDO; KAMIGAUTI, LEONARDO YOSHIAKI; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; BABINSKI, MARLY. Improving Source Apportionment of Urban Aerosol Using Multi-Isotopic Fingerprints (MIF) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF): Cross-Validation and New Insights. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, v. 9, APR 16 2021. (16/18438-0, 19/16885-8)

RUDKE, A. P.; MARTINS, J. A.; DE ALMEIDA, D. S.; MARTINS, L. D.; BEAL, A.; HALLAK, R.; FREITAS, E. D.; ANDRADE, M. F.; FOROUTAN, H.; BAEK, B. H.; et al. How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of Sao Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak. Environmental Research, v. 198, JUL 2021. (16/18438-0)

BORBON, AGNES; DOMINUTTI, PAMELA; PANOPOULOU, ANASTASIA; GROS, VALERIE; SAUVAGE, STEPHANE; FARHAT, MARIANA; AFIF, CHARBEL; ELGUINDI, NELLIE; FORNARO, ADALGIZA; GRANIER, CLAIRE; et al. Ubiquity of Anthropogenic Terpenoids in Cities Worldwide: Emission Ratios, Emission Quantification and Implications for Urban Atmospheric Chemistry. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, v. 128, n. 7, p. 22-pg., 2023-04-16. (18/07848-9, 17/50278-6, 16/18438-0)

SCARAMBONI, CAROLINE; FARIAS, CAMILA NOVAIS; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA DE CASTRO; LEVI, MICHAEL; SADIKTSIS, IOANNIS; POZZA, SIMONE ANDREA; UMBUZEIRO, GISELA DE ARAGAO; WATANABE, TETSUSHI; RODRIGUES, POLIANY CRISTINY DE OLIVEIRA; GRANDIS, ADRIANA; et al. Characterization of cross-continental PM_2.5: Insights into emissions and chemical composition. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, v. 305, p. 14-pg., 2024-04-26. (16/18438-0, 19/13936-0, 18/17931-0)

SILVA, T. D.; ALVES, C.; PEREIRA, G. M.; VASCONCELOS, P. C.; ANDRARDE, M. F.; OLIVEIRA, H.; DUARTE, I. F.. Toxicometabolomics of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in neuronal cells. Toxicology Letters, v. 384, p. 1-pg., 2023-09-01. (18/07848-9, 16/18438-0)

DOROSARIO, NILTON EVORA; SENA, ELISA THOME; YAMASOE, MARCIA AKEMI. South American 2020 regional smoke plume: intercomparison with previous years, impact on solar radiation, and the role of Pantanal biomass burning season. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, v. 22, n. 22, p. 13-pg., 2022-11-24. (18/16048-6, 16/18438-0)

MACIEL, F. M.; SARTIM, R.; MARTINS, L. D.; CARVALHO, V. S. B.; PEDRUZZI, R.; ANDREAO, W. L.; ABREU, G. C.; ALBUQUERQUE, T. T. DE A.. Impact of emission control strategies on air quality: a case study in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo-Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, v. 19, n. 6, p. 12-pg., 2021-06-13. (16/18438-0)

MOREIRA, GREGORI DE ARRUDA; MARQUES, MARCIA TALITA AMORIM; LOPES, FABIO JULIANO DA SILVA; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; LANDULFO, EDUARDO. Analyzing the influence of the planetary boundary layer height, ventilation coefficient, thermal inversions, and aerosol optical Depth on the concentration of PM _2.5 in the city of Sao Paulo: A long-term study. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH, v. 15, n. 8, p. 12-pg., 2024-05-17. (16/18438-0, 19/17304-9)

ARAUJO, ELAINE C.; CORREA, THAIS; ANDRADE, IZABEL DA S.; MACEDO, FERNANDA DE M.; MARQUES, MARCIA T.; ANDRADE, THAIS; SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS EDUARDO; BRAGA, ELISABETE S.; ANDRADE, MARIA DE F.; LANDULFO, EDUARDO. Evaluation of the potential for greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4) emissions in the southern São Paulo coastal region, Cananéia-Iguape system. Ocean and Coastal Research, v. 72, p. 12-pg., 2024-01-01. (20/16485-7, 16/18438-0)

SANCHES, TALITA ROJAS; PARRA, ANTONIO CARLOS; SUN, PEIQI; GRANER, MARIANA PEREIRA; ITTO, LUCAS YUJI UMESAKI; BUTTER, LOES MARIA; CLAESSEN, NIKE; ROELOFS, JORIS J. T. H.; FLORQUIN, SANDRINE; VERAS, MARIANA MATERA; et al. Air pollution aggravates renal ischaemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, v. 263, n. 4-5, p. 12-pg., 2024-06-27. (19/26385-2, 16/18438-0, 18/24171-2, 19/19433-0, 22/11975-1)

KUMAR, PRASHANT; DEBELE, SISAY E.; KHALILI, SOHEILA; HALIOS, CHRISTOS H.; SAHANI, JEETENDRA; AGHAMOHAMMADI, NASRIN; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; ATHANASSIADOU, MARIA; BHUI, KAMALDEEP; CALVILLO, NEREA; et al. Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure: Drivers, effectiveness, and future needs. INNOVATION, v. 5, n. 2, p. 22-pg., 2024-02-28. (16/18438-0, 19/08783-0, 22/02365-5)

PEREZ-MARTINEZ, P. J.; MIRANDA, R. M.; ANDRADE, M. F.; KUMAR, P.. Air quality and fossil fuel driven transportation in the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES, v. 5, p. 14-pg., 2020-05-01. (16/18438-0, 18/10714-4)

PARRA, YENDRY JOMOLCA; PEREIRA, GUILHERME MARTINS; CUSTODIO, DANILO; DE FIGUEIREDO, SERGIO BATISTA; ALVES, CELIA; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA DE CASTRO. Aerosol characterization in a Central-West site of Brazil: influence of farming activities and toxicity. AIR QUALITY ATMOSPHERE AND HEALTH, v. 17, n. 3, p. 22-pg., 2023-12-13. (18/07848-9, 16/18438-0, 19/01316-8)

MACIEL, F. M.; SARTIM, R.; MARTINS, L. D.; CARVALHO, V. S. B.; PEDRUZZI, R.; ANDREAO, W. L.; ABREU, G. C.; ALBUQUERQUE, T. T. DE A.. Impact of emission control strategies on air quality: a case study in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo-Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, JUN 2021. (16/18438-0)

NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; KUMAR, PRASHANT; NARDOCCI, ADELAIDE; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA. Public health implications of particulate matter inside bus terminals in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Science of The Total Environment, v. 711, APR 1 2020. (15/50128-9, 18/07848-9, 16/18438-0)

BARREDO YERA, ALEINNYS M.; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA C.. Pesticides in the atmosphere of urban sites with different characteristics. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, v. 156, p. 559-567, DEC 2021. (17/20826-1, 16/18438-0)

SOUTO-OLIVEIRA, CARLOS E.; MARQUES, MARCIA T. A.; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; LOPES, FABIO J. S.; MEDEIROS, JOSE A. G.; MEDEIROS, ILCA M. M. A.; MOREIRA, GREGORI A.; DIAS, PEDRO LEITE DA SILVA; LANDULFO, EDUARDO; ANDRADE, MARIA DE F.. Impact of extreme wildfires from the Brazilian Forests and sugarcane burn- ing on the air quality of the biggest megacity on South America. Science of The Total Environment, v. 888, p. 10-pg., 2023-05-23. (19/17304-9, 16/18438-0, 19/16885-8)

KUMAR, PRASHANT; HAMA, SARKAWT; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; ABBASS, RANA ALAA; BRAND, VERONIKA S.; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; ASFAW, ARAYA; AZIZ, KOSAR HAMA; CAO, SHI-JIE; EL-GENDY, AHMED; et al. In-car particulate matter exposure across ten global cities. Science of The Total Environment, v. 750, JAN 1 2021. (16/14501-0, 16/18438-0)

IBARRA-ESPINOSA, SERGIO; REHBEIN, AMANDA; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS; MARTINS, LEILA; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; LANDULFO, EDUARDO. Changes in a Bottom-Up Vehicular Emissions Inventory and Its Impact on Air Pollution During COVID-19 Lockdown in Sao Paulo, Brazil. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE CITIES, v. 4, p. 12-pg., 2022-07-18. (15/03804-9, 21/07136-1, 16/18438-0, 16/10557-0, 21/07992-5)

SEGUEL, RODRIGO J.; GALLARDO, LAURA; OSSES, MAURICIO; ROJAS, NESTOR Y.; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; MENARES, CAMILO; DE FATIMA ANDRADE, MARIA; BELALCAZAR, LUIS C.; CARRASCO, PAULA; ESKES, HENK; et al. Photochemical sensitivity to emissions and local meteorology in Bogota, Santiago, and Sao Paulo: An analysis of the initial COVID-19. ELEMENTA-SCIENCE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE, v. 10, n. 1, p. 20-pg., 2022-05-12. (16/18438-0)

URBINA GUERRERO, VIVIANA VANESA; DE MORAIS, MARCOS VINICIUS BUENO; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS; MARTINS, LEILA DROPRINCHINSKI. Numerical Study of Meteorological Factors for Tropospheric Nocturnal Ozone Increase in the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo. ATMOSPHERE, v. 12, n. 2, FEB 2021. (17/17047-0, 16/18438-0, 11/01040-0)

SQUIZZATO, RAFAELA; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; MARTINS, LEILA D.; MARTINS, JORGE A.; ASTOLFO, ROSANA; MACHADO, CAROLYNE BUENO; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS. Beyond megacities: tracking air pollution from urban areas and biomass burning in Brazil. NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE, v. 4, n. 1, MAR 17 2021. (16/18438-0, 17/17047-0)

KUMAR, PRASHANT; HAMA, SARKAWT; ABBASS, RANA ALAA; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; BRAND, VERONIKA S.; WU, HUAI-WEN; ABULUDE, FRANCIS OLAWALE; ADELODUN, ADEDEJI A.; ANAND, PARTIBHA; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; et al. In-kitchen aerosol exposure in twelve cities across the globe. Environment International, v. 162, p. 27-pg., 2022-03-09. (16/18438-0, 20/08505-8, 16/14501-0)

IBARRA-ESPINOSA, SERGIO; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA; LANDULFO, EDUARDO. ffects of Evaporative Emissions Control Measurements on Ozone Concentrations in Brazi. TMOSPHER, v. 13, n. 1, JAN 2022. (21/07136-1, 17/17047-0, 16/18438-0, 15/03804-9)

RUDKE, A. P.; MARTINS, J. A.; HALLAK, R.; MARTINS, L. D.; DE ALMEIDA, D. S.; BEAL, A.; FREITAS, E. D.; ANDRADE, M. F.; KOUTRAKIS, P.; ALBUQUERQUE, T. T. A.. Evaluating TROPOMI and MODIS performance to capture the dynamic of air pollution in Sa tilde o Paulo state: A case study during the COVID-19 outbreak. REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT, v. 289, p. 18-pg., 2023-02-26. (16/18438-0)

IBARRA-ESPINOSA, SERGIO; MENDES DA SILVA, GYRLENE APARECIDA; REHBEIN, AMANDA; VARA-VELA, ANGEL; DE FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS. Atmospheric effects of air pollution during dry and wet periods in Sao Paulo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-ATMOSPHERES, v. 2, n. 2, p. 15-pg., 2022-03-01. (16/10557-0, 21/07992-5, 16/18438-0, 21/07136-1, 15/03804-9)

PEREIRA, GUILHERME MARTINS; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; KAMIGAUTI, LEONARDO YOSHIAKI; DOS SANTOS, DJACINTO MONTEIRO; NASCIMENTO, EMERSON QUEIROZ MOTA; MARTINS, JOSE VINICIUS; VICENTE, ANA; ARTAXO, PAULO; ALVES, CELIA; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA DE CASTRO; et al. Particulate matter fingerprints in biofuel impacted tunnels in South America's largest metropolitan area. Science of The Total Environment, v. 856, p. 13-pg., 2023-01-15. (18/07848-9, 16/18438-0)

RUDKE, ANDERSON PAULO; MARTINS, JORGE ALBERTO; MARTINS, LEILA DROPRINCHINSKI; VIEIRA, CAROLINA LETICIA ZILLI; LI, LONGXIANG; DA SILVA, CARLOS FABRICIO ASSUNCAO; DOS SANTOS, ALEX MOTA; KOUTRAKIS, PETROS; ALBUQUERQUE, TACIANA TOLEDO DE ALMEIDA. Evaluation and comparison of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithms over Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, v. 314, p. 16-pg., 2023-10-07. (16/18438-0, 22/02365-5)

PEREIRA, GUILHERME MARTINS; KAMIGAUTI, LEONARDO YOSHIAKI; NOGUEIRA, THIAGO; GAVIDIA-CALDERON, MARIO EDUARDO; DOS SANTOS, DJACINTO MONTEIRO; EVTYUGINA, MARGARITA; ALVES, CELIA; VASCONCELLOS, PEROLA DE CASTRO; FREITAS, EDMILSON DIAS; ANDRADE, MARIA DE FATIMA. Emission factors for a biofuel impacted fleet in South America's largest metropolitan area*. Environmental Pollution, v. 331, p. 12-pg., 2023-05-31. (18/07848-9, 16/18438-0, 21/03069-8, 19/01316-8)

SOBRINHO, OTAVIO MEDEIROS; MARTINS, LEILA DROPRINCHINSKI; PEDRUZZI, RIZZIERI; VIZUETE, WILLIAM; ALBUQUERQUE, TACIANA TOLEDO DE ALMEIDA. From mining to fire outbreaks: The relative impact of pollutants sources on air quality in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH, v. 15, n. 6, p. 13-pg., 2024-04-09. (16/18438-0, 22/02365-5)