The proinflammatory effects of chronic excessive exercise

Author(s)

da Rocha, Alisson L. ^[1] ; Pinto, Ana P. ^[1] ; Kohama, Eike B. ^[1] ; Pauli, Jose R. ^[2] ; de Moura, Leandro P. ^[2] ; Cintra, Dennys E. ^{[3, 4]} ; Ropelle, Eduardo R. ^[2] ; da Silva, Adelino S. R. ^{[5, 1]}

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Postgrad Program Rehabil & Funct Performance, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil

^[2] Univ Estadual Campinas, UNICAMP, Sch Appl Sci, Lab Mol Biol Exercise LaBMEx, Limeira, SP - Brazil

^[3] Univ Estadual Campinas, UNICAMP, Sch Appl Sci, Lab Nutr Genom, Limeira, SP - Brazil

^[4] Univ Estadual Campinas, UNICAMP, Sch Appl Sci, Nutrigen & Lipids Ctr, Limeira, SP - Brazil

^[5] Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Phys Educ & Sport Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil

• Document type: Review article
• Source: CYTOKINE; v. 119, p. 57-61, JUL 2019.
• Web of Science Citations: 4

Abstract

Chronic moderate-intensity exercise is an efficient non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cancers, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, improving an athlete's performance requires completing high-intensity and volume exercise sessions. When the delicate balance between high-load exercise sessions and adequate recovery periods is disrupted, excessive training (known as overtraining) can lead to performance decline. The cytokine hypothesis considers that an imbalance involving excessive exercise and inadequate recovery induces musculoskeletal trauma, increasing the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), which interact with different organic systems, initiating most of the signs and symptoms linked to performance decrement. This leading article used recent data to discuss the scientific basis of Smith's cytokine theory and highlighted that the adverse effects of excessive exercise go beyond performance decline, proposing a multi-organ approach for this issue. These recent insights will allow coaches and exercise physiologists to develop strategies to avoid chronic excessive exercise-induced adverse outcomes. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 12/23258-0 - Effects of training and overtraining on the content and activation of proteins of insulin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of Swiss mice
• Grantee: Bruno Cesar Pereira
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Scientific Initiation
• FAPESP's process: 13/19985-7 - Effects of overtraining induced by exercise in treadmill without inclination, uphill and downhill on the content and activation of proteins of insulin signaling pathway and inflamation in mice
• Grantee: Bruno Cesar Pereira
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master
• FAPESP's process: 17/12765-2 - Emerging role of rev-erb-alpha in molecular adaptations to different physical exercise models
• Grantee: Alisson Luiz da Rocha
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate
• FAPESP's process: 14/25459-9 - Nonfunctional overreaching in animal model: inflammatory and hypertrophic adaptions of the cardiac muscle
• Grantee: Alisson Luiz da Rocha
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master
• FAPESP's process: 10/08239-4 - Mice in overtraining: relationships between the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the impairment of the molecular pathways of insulin signaling
• Grantee: Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 13/22737-5 - Effects of nonfunctional overreaching induced by treadmill running performed in downhill, without inclination and uphill in content and activation of the mTOR pathway proteins in skeletal muscle of mice
• Grantee: Alisson Luiz da Rocha
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Scientific Initiation
• FAPESP's process: 15/08013-0 - Overreaching not functional in animal model and endoplasmic reticulum stress in muscle heart and liver
• Grantee: Ana Paula Pinto
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master
• FAPESP's process: 13/20591-3 - Responses of proteins from the inflammatory, insulinic and hypertrophic molecular pathways to nonfunctional overreaching induced by treadmill running performed in downhill, without inclination and uphill in skeletal muscle of mice
• Grantee: Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 17/19869-8 - Molecular mechanisms related to increased hepatic fat content in response to excessive physical exercise
• Grantee: Ana Paula Pinto
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate
• FAPESP's process: 11/02652-0 - Effects of training and overtraining on serum concentrations and muscular content of proinflammatory cytokines in mice
• Grantee: Bruno Cesar Pereira
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Scientific Initiation
• FAPESP's process: 17/09038-1 - EFFECTS OF REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND OVERTRAINING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE AUTOPHAGIC PATHWAY IN DIFFERENT TISSUES OF MICE.
• Grantee: Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants